Figure 4. Significant associations identified in circulating metabolomic GWAS.

Studies were identified by conducting a literature review, including the studies cited in Supplementary Table 8 of Chen et al (2018)^{124,133–136,139,180,181}. When the same metabolite was identified more than once within a 500kb region, the strongest single association was included. A. Significant associations identified in individuals of European ancestry. B. Significant associations identified in individuals with significant non-European ancestry. Pie charts in A and B indicate the proportion of significant associations identified by population. C. Lipid metabolite associations identified in the FADS region. “Other Organic Compounds” class includes prenol lipids, alkaloids and derivatives, phenylpropanoic acids, hydroxycinnamic acids, and peptides. Pie charts represent the number of significant metabolite-variant associations identified in each population, with associations based on the metabolomic GWAS references provided in the “Metabolomics and Genetics” section. Note that lipids and amino acids are much more commonly measured and numerous than other metabolite classes. Figure 4 was created with PhenoGram¹⁸².