Table 1.
Distribution of the characteristics of mothers and singleton newborns in the French National Perinatal Surveys [Enquête Nationale Périnatale (ENP)], by year and maternity unit Baby-Friendly Hospital Initiative accreditation status
| Survey year |
|||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 2010 |
2016 |
2021 |
|||||||
| Characteristic | Non-accredited (n = 12 818) | Accredited (n = 257) | P a | Non-accredited (n = 10 217) | Accredited (n = 702) | P a | Non-accredited (n = 9193) | Accredited (n = 1016) | P a |
| Breastfeeding | 0.09 | <0.01 | <0.01 | ||||||
| Exclusive | 7976 (62.2%) | 177 (68.9%) | 5525 (54.1%) | 436 (62.1%) | 5108 (55.6%) | 622 (61.2%) | |||
| Mixed | 946 (7.38%) | 15 (5.84%) | 1347 (13.2%) | 35 (4.99%) | 1349 (14.7%) | 70 (6.89%) | |||
| None | 3896 (30.4%) | 65 (25.3%) | 3345 (32.7%) | 231 (32.9%) | 2736 (29.8%) | 324 (31.9%) | |||
| Maternal age (years) | 0.52 | 0.59 | 0.94 | ||||||
| <25 | 2108 (16.4%) | 35 (13.6%) | 1297 (12.7%) | 96 (13.7%) | 1009 (11.0%) | 113 (11.1%) | |||
| 25–29 | 4291 (33.5%) | 86 (33.5%) | 3272 (32.0%) | 213 (30.3%) | 2602 (28.3%) | 292 (28.7%) | |||
| 30–34 | 3980 (31.1%) | 80 (31.1%) | 3496 (34.2%) | 252 (35.9%) | 3337 (36.3%) | 372 (36.6%) | |||
| ≥35 | 2439 (19.0%) | 56 (21.8%) | 2152 (21.1%) | 141 (20.1%) | 2245 (24.4%) | 239 (23.5%) | |||
| Level of education | 0.05 | 0.34 | 0.42 | ||||||
| No/primary | 296 (2.31%) | 4 (1.56%) | 159 (1.56%) | 12 (1.71%) | 158 (1.72%) | 11 (1.08%) | |||
| Lower secondary | 3248 (25.3%) | 78 (30.4%) | 2150 (21.0%) | 167 (23.8%) | 1561 (17.0%) | 158 (15.6%) | |||
| Upper secondary | 2541 (19.8%) | 38 (14.8%) | 2215 (21.7%) | 136 (19.4%) | 1981 (21.5%) | 228 (22.4%) | |||
| 1–2 years university | 2770 (21.6%) | 46 (17.9%) | 1961 (19.2%) | 127 (18.1%) | 1697 (18.5%) | 192 (18.9%) | |||
| >2 years university | 3963 (30.9%) | 91 (35.4%) | 3732 (36.5%) | 260 (37.0%) | 3796 (41.3%) | 427 (42.0%) | |||
| Country of birth | 0.08 | <0.01 | <0.01 | ||||||
| France | 10 465 (81.6%) | 221 (86.0%) | 8299 (81.2%) | 616 (87.7%) | 7245 (78.8%) | 875 (86.1%) | |||
| African country | 1468 (11.5%) | 18 (7.00%) | 1214 (11.9%) | 41 (5.84%) | 679 (7.39%) | 46 (4.53%) | |||
| Other country | 885 (6.90%) | 18 (7.00%) | 704 (6.89%) | 45 (6.41%) | 1269 (13.8%) | 95 (9.35%) | |||
| Marital statusb | 0.54 | <0.01 | <0.01 | ||||||
| Not married | 6711 (52.4%) | 140 (54.5%) | 6036 (59.1%) | 459 (65.4%) | 5639 (61.3%) | 683 (67.2%) | |||
| Married | 6107 (47.6%) | 117 (45.5%) | 4181 (40.9%) | 243 (34.6%) | 3554 (38.7%) | 333 (32.8%) | |||
| Average monthly household income (€)c | 0.99 | 0.64 | 0.73 | ||||||
| <1500 | 2673 (20.9%) | 54 (21.0%) | 1873 (18.3%) | 137 (19.5%) | 1451 (15.8%) | 156 (15.4%) | |||
| 1500–2999 | 5712 (44.6%) | 115 (44.7%) | 4098 (40.1%) | 284 (40.5%) | 3028 (32.9%) | 347 (34.2%) | |||
| ≥3000 | 4433 (34.6%) | 88 (34.2%) | 4246 (41.6%) | 281 (40.0%) | 4714 (51.3%) | 513 (50.5%) | |||
| Employment during pregnancy | 0.83 | 0.50 | 0.78 | ||||||
| No | 3794 (29.6%) | 74 (28.8%) | 2956 (28.9%) | 212 (30.2%) | 2749 (29.9%) | 299 (29.4%) | |||
| Yes | 9024 (70.4%) | 183 (71.2%) | 7261 (71.1%) | 490 (69.8%) | 6444 (70.1%) | 717 (70.6%) | |||
| Parity (number of births before this one) | 0.18 | 0.83 | 0.67 | ||||||
| Primiparous | 5477 (42.7%) | 107 (41.6%) | 4299 (42.1%) | 297 (42.3%) | 3794 (41.3%) | 433 (42.6%) | |||
| 1 | 4485 (35.0%) | 101 (39.3%) | 3727 (36.5%) | 253 (36.0%) | 3302 (35.9%) | 372 (36.6%) | |||
| 2 | 1892 (14.8%) | 27 (10.5%) | 1455 (14.2%) | 108 (15.4%) | 1330 (14.5%) | 135 (13.3%) | |||
| 3 | 638 (4.98%) | 12 (4.67%) | 459 (4.49%) | 28 (3.99%) | 487 (5.30%) | 50 (4.92%) | |||
| 4 or more | 326 (2.54%) | 10 (3.89%) | 277 (2.71%) | 16 (2.28%) | 280 (3.05%) | 26 (2.56%) | |||
| Pre-pregnancy BMI (kg/m²) | 0.80 | 0.03 | 0.77 | ||||||
| <18.5 | 985 (7.68%) | 17 (6.61%) | 723 (7.08%) | 66 (9.40%) | 520 (5.66%) | 59 (5.81%) | |||
| 18.5–24.9 | 7859 (61.3%) | 164 (63.8%) | 5867 (57.4%) | 384 (54.7%) | 4874 (53.0%) | 549 (54.0%) | |||
| 25–29.9 | 2670 (20.8%) | 53 (20.6%) | 2352 (23.0%) | 150 (21.4%) | 2374 (25.8%) | 263 (25.9%) | |||
| ≥30 | 1304 (10.2%) | 23 (8.95%) | 1275 (12.5%) | 102 (14.5%) | 1425 (15.5%) | 145 (14.3%) | |||
| Time between delivery and interview (days) | <0.01 | <0.01 | 0.13 | ||||||
| 0 | 1823 (14.2%) | 19 (7.39%) | 1529 (15.0%) | 109 (15.5%) | 957 (10.4%) | 114 (11.2%) | |||
| 1 | 6229 (48.6%) | 83 (32.3%) | 5302 (51.9%) | 310 (44.2%) | 5138 (55.9%) | 533 (52.5%) | |||
| 2 | 2982 (23.3%) | 73 (28.4%) | 2438 (23.9%) | 214 (30.5%) | 2433 (26.5%) | 277 (27.3%) | |||
| 3 | 1328 (10.4%) | 55 (21.4%) | 740 (7.24%) | 57 (8.1%) | 564 (6.14%) | 76 (7.48%) | |||
| ≥4 | 456 (3.56%) | 27 (10.5%) | 208 (2.04%) | 12 (1.7%) | 101 (1.10%) | 16 (1.57%) | |||
| Mode of delivery | 0.13 | 0.75 | 0.06 | ||||||
| Spontaneous vaginal | 8761 (68.3%) | 190 (73.9%) | 7111 (69.6%) | 495 (70.5%) | 6262 (68.1%) | 693 (68.2%) | |||
| Instrumental | 1637 (12.8%) | 24 (9.34%) | 1288 (12.6%) | 90 (12.8%) | 1177 (12.8%) | 152 (15.0%) | |||
| Caesarean section | 2420 (18.9%) | 43 (16.7%) | 1818 (17.8%) | 117 (16.7%) | 1754 (19.1%) | 171 (16.8%) | |||
| Birthweight (g) | 0.63 | 0.13 | 0.07 | ||||||
| <2500 | 278 (2.17%) | 7 (2.72%) | 266 (2.60%) | 15 (2.14%) | 215 (2.34%) | 16 (1.57%) | |||
| 2500–2999 | 2336 (18.2%) | 53 (20.6%) | 1937 (19.0%) | 151 (21.5%) | 1646 (17.9%) | 184 (18.1%) | |||
| 3000–3499 | 5574 (43.5%) | 108 (42.0%) | 4359 (42.7%) | 296 (42.2%) | 3970 (43.2%) | 414 (40.7%) | |||
| 3500–3999 | 3653 (28.5%) | 66 (25.7%) | 2861 (28.0%) | 201 (28.6%) | 2682 (29.2%) | 307 (30.2%) | |||
| ≥4000 | 977 (7.62%) | 23 (8.95%) | 794 (7.77%) | 39 (5.56%) | 680 (7.40%) | 95 (9.35%) | |||
| Gestational age (weeks) | 0.50 | 0.17 | 0.02 | ||||||
| 37 | 825 (6.44%) | 23 (8.95%) | 698 (6.83%) | 62 (8.83%) | 570 (6.20%) | 51 (5.02%) | |||
| 38 | 2221 (17.3%) | 37 (14.4%) | 1709 (16.7%) | 101 (14.4%) | 1616 (17.6%) | 157 (15.5%) | |||
| 39 | 3420 (26.7%) | 68 (26.5%) | 2985 (29.2%) | 217 (30.9%) | 2760 (30.0%) | 293 (28.8%) | |||
| 40 | 3782 (29.5%) | 81 (31.5%) | 2891 (28.3%) | 184 (26.2%) | 2469 (26.9%) | 292 (28.7%) | |||
| 41 | 2523 (19.7%) | 47 (18.3%) | 1881 (18.4%) | 134 (19.1%) | 1724 (18.8%) | 221 (21.8%) | |||
| 42 | 47 (0.37%) | 1 (0.39%) | 53 (0.52%) | 4 (0.57%) | 54 (0.59%) | 2 (0.20%) | |||
| Neonatal transfer | 0.35 | 0.01 | <0.01 | ||||||
| No | 12237 (95.5%) | 249 (96.9%) | 9700 (94.9%) | 682 (97.2%) | 8705 (94.7%) | 984 (96.9%) | |||
| Yes | 581 (4.53%) | 8 (3.11%) | 517 (5.06%) | 20 (2.85%) | 488 (5.31%) | 32 (3.15%) | |||
BMI, body mass index.
a
The presented P-values were obtained with chi square tests.
b
The binary variable of marital status was based on the question ‘Are you married?’ and had two possible answers in 2010 (no or yes) and three in 2016 and 2021 (no, yes, in civil union). We grouped ‘civil union’ and ‘no' in 2016 and 2021, to be consistent with the 2010 French National Perinatal Survey report.
c
The average monthly household income (€) in 2021 was after income tax, in 2010 and 2016 before income tax.