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TMAO promoted RANKL-induced osteoclast differentiation. (A) RAW 264.7 cells were cultured for 4 d with RANKL (50 ng/mL) and M-CSF (10 ng/mL) in the presence of varying concentrations of TMAO and then stained for TRAP activity. Representative photomicrographs were taken under a light microscope (magnification ×40). (B) TRAP-positive cells containing more than three nuclei were counted as osteoclasts; ** p < 0.01.
