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. 2024 Jun 11;43:161. doi: 10.1186/s13046-024-03081-0

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© The Author(s) 2024

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver (http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated in a credit line to the data.

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Fig. 4 — Antiarrhythmics affect PCa cell growth by impairing CAF function. a Schematic representation of CM experiment work-flow (Created with Biorender.com). b Graph reporting the growth of DU145 cells cultured with CM from CAFs treated or not with antiarrhythmics, or CM from NPFs at different time points (24, 48, 72 h). c Graph reporting the growth of LNCaP cells cultured with CM from CAFs treated or not with antiarrhythmics, or CM from NPFs at different time points (24, 48, 72 h). d Cell cycle phase distribution of DU145 cells cultured with CM from CAFs treated or not with antiarrhythmics, or CM from NPFs at 72 h until treatment. Results reported in the figure represent the mean (+ SD or ± SD) of three independent experiments. *p < 0.05, **p < 0.01, ***p < 0.005, Student’s t-test