Table 2.
Meta-analyses of factors associated with depression symptoms
| Factors | No. of reporters | Min OR | Max OR | Pooled OR with 95%CI | I2(%) | p value for heterogeneity |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Marital status (reference: married) | 3 | 1.65 | 3.48 | 2.03 (1.33–3.11) | 54.5 | 0.111 |
| Physical activity (reference: none/no regular) | 2 | 0.56 | 0.62 | 0.56 (0.53–0.59) | 0.0 | 0.647 |
| History of mental illness (reference: no) | 3 | 1.65 | 3.58 | 2.31 (1.50–3.57) | 58.5 | 0.090 |
| Chronic disease (reference: no) | 2 | 2.80 | 3.58 | 3.13(2.20–4.44) | 0.0 | 0.494 |
| Menstrual cycle (reference: regular) | 2 | 1.35 | 1.73 | 1.42(1.17–1.72) | 25.8 | 0.246 |
| Menstrual cycle length (reference: shorter) | 2 | 1.05 | 1.15 | 1.08(1.00-1.18) | 62.7 | 0.102 |
| Reproductive period (reference: shorter) | 4 | 0.41 | 0.97 | 0.60(0.36–1.01) | 97.1 | <0.001 |
| Abortion numbers (reference: 0) | 3 | 1.45 | 1.74 | 1.59(1.40–1.80) | 0.0 | 0.701 |
| Number of breastfed infants (reference: 0–1) | 3 | 0.23 | 0.81 | 0.43(0.19–0.97) | 84.8 | 0.001 |
| Menopause age (reference: ≤46) | 2 | 0.35 | 0.45 | 0.44(0.37–0.51) | 2.1 | 0.312 |
| Type of menopause (reference: artificial) | 2 | 1.15 | 1.61 | 1.36(0.98–1.89) | 93.8 | <0.001 |
| Menopausal symptoms (reference: no) | 3 | 1.71 | 3.65 | 2.10(1.52–2.90) | 69.6 | 0.037 |
| Oral contraceptive usage (reference: never) | 2 | 1.15 | 1.55 | 1.21(0.97–1.49) | 22.7 | 0.255 |
| Hormone replacement therapy (reference: never) | 6 | 1.07 | 2.89 | 1.76(1.31–2.35) | 93.7 | <0.001 |
CI, confidence interval; OR, odds ratio