Table 9. The effect of academic freedom (AF) on innovation output (forward citations) with the sample split according to the total number of forward citations per country.
| Model | (1) | (2) | (3) | (4) | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Sample | Top 25 countries | Top 50 countries | Countries not in top 50 | Excluding countries with 0 citations | ||||
| Dependent variable | Forward citationst+5 (ln) | Forward citationst+5 (ln) | Forward citationst+5 (ln) | Forward citationst+5 (ln) | ||||
| Statistic | Coeff. | (SE) | Coeff. | (SE). | Coeff. | (SE) | Coeff. | (SE) |
| Independent varibale | ||||||||
| AF (z) | 0.399 | (0.063)*** | 0.362 | (0.042)*** | -0.001 | (0.002) | 0.395 | (0.032)*** |
| Controls | ||||||||
| Patent applications (ln) | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | ||||
| Year/country dummies | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | ||||
| Countries (observations) | 25 | (2,664) | 51 | (4,943) | 106 | (6,978) | 73 | (6,576) |
| R2 (R2 adjusted) | 0.756 | (0.743) | 0.681 | (0.670) | 0.165 | (0.138) | 0.653 | (0.643) |
Notes: The estimates are obtained from pooled OLS regressions. All variables are described in Table 1. Robust standard errors in parentheses.
* p < 0.10
** p < 0.05
*** p < 0.01.