Table 14. The effect of academic freedom (AF) on innovation output (patent applications) when considering the subdimensions of the academic freedom index.
| Model | (1) | (2) | (3) | (4) | (5) | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Dependent variable | Patent applicationst+2 (ln) | Patent applicationst+2 (ln) | Patent applicationst+2 (ln) | Patent applicationst+2 (ln) | Patent applicationst+2 (ln) | |||||
| Independent variables | Coeff. | (SE) | Coeff. | (SE) | Coeff. | (SE) | Coeff. | (SE) | Coeff. | (SE) |
| Independent variables | ||||||||||
| AF: freedom to research and teach (z) | 0.373 | (0.030)*** | ||||||||
| AF: freedom of academic exchange and dissemination (z) | 0.368 | (0.032)*** | ||||||||
| AF: institutional autonomy (z) | 0.298 | (0.030)*** | ||||||||
| AF: campus integrity (z) | 0.364 | (0.032)*** | ||||||||
| AF: freedom of academic and cultural expression (z) | 0.169 | (0.025)*** | ||||||||
| Controls | ||||||||||
| Year/country dummies | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | |||||
| Countries (observations) | 157 | (12,387) | 157 | (12,387) | 157 | (12,448) | 157 | (12,394) | 157 | (15,791) |
| R2 (R2 adjusted) | 0.809 | (0.805) | 0.811 | (0.807) | 0.811 | (0.807) | 0.811 | (0.807) | 0.791 | (0.787) |
Notes: The estimates are obtained from pooled OLS regressions. All variables are described in Table 1. Robust standard errors in parentheses.
* p < 0.10
** p < 0.05
*** p < 0.01.