Table 15. The effect of academic freedom (AF) on innovation output (forward citations) when considering the subdimensions of the academic freedom index.
| Model | (1) | (2) | (3) | (4) | (5) | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Dependent variable | Forward citationst+5 (ln) | Forward citationst+5 (ln) | Forward citationst+5 (ln) | Forward citationst+5 (ln) | Forward citationst+5 (ln) | |||||
| Statistic | Coeff. | (SE) | Coeff. | (SE) | Coeff. | (SE) | Coeff. | (SE) | Coeff. | (SE) |
| Independent variables | ||||||||||
| AF: freedom to research and teach (z) | 0.304 | (0.020)*** | ||||||||
| AF: freedom of academic exchange and dissemination (z) | 0.264 | (0.021)*** | ||||||||
| AF: institutional autonomy (z) | 0.201 | (0.020)*** | ||||||||
| AF: campus integrity (z) | 0.263 | (0.022)*** | ||||||||
| AF: freedom of academic and cultural expression (z) | 0.247 | (0.015)*** | ||||||||
| Controls | ||||||||||
| Patent applications (ln) | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | |||||
| Year/country dummies | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | |||||
| Countries (observations) | 157 | (11,916) | 157 | (11,916) | 157 | (11,977) | 157 | (11,923) | 157 | (15,320) |
| R2 (R2 adjusted) | 0.643 | (0.635) | 0.642 | (0.633) | 0.640 | (0.631) | 0.642 | (0.633) | 0.629 | (0.623) |
Notes: The estimates are obtained from pooled OLS regressions. All variables are described in Table 1. Robust standard errors in parentheses.
* p < 0.10
** p < 0.05
*** p < 0.01.