Table 3.
Detailed comorbidity information for patients and healthy controls
| ADHD | Healthy controls | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Current | Past/Lifetime | Current | Past/Lifetime | |
| Adams et al., 2011 | None |
Depression and/or anxiety (n = 5) Alcohol abuse (n = 2) Learning disability (n = 1) |
None |
Depression and/or anxiety (n = 4) Alcohol abuse (n = 1) |
| Aron et al., 2003 |
Global Severity Index (GSI) score of the Brief Symptom Inventory1: M = 1.7 ± .9 |
n.a | Control subjects had no previous contact with psychiatric services | |
| Bekker et al., 2005a |
Depression (n = 2) Anxiety disorders (n = 8) Substance abuse (n = 3) |
Depression (n = 13) Bipolar disorder (n = 1) Tic disorder (n = 1) Alcohol dependence (n = 1) |
Controls reported no psychiatric disorders or developmental disorder in childhood | |
| Bialystok et al., 2017 | n.a | n.a | n.a | n.a |
| Boonstra et al., 2010 |
Mood disorders (n = 13) Anxiety disorders (n = 23) Substance abuse (n = 7) Substance dependence (n = 8) Others (n = 6) |
Mood disorders (n = 18) Anxiety disorders (n = 11) Substance abuse (n = 14) Substance dependence (n = 21) Others (n = 6) |
Substance dependence (n = 2, nicotine) |
Mood disorders (n = 5) Substance abuse (n = 10) Substance dependence (n = 6) |
| Chamberlain et al., 2007 | GSI: M = 1.28 ± .72 | n.a | Controls reported no current or history of axis I disorder | |
| Cherkasova et al., 2014 | None | None | None | None |
| Clark et al., 2007 | Exclusion criteria were a current mood, psychotic, or substance-related diagnosis | |||
| Congdon et al., 2014 | Participants were excluded for lifetime diagnoses of schizophrenia or other psychotic disorders, bipolar I or II disorder; or current major depressive disorder, suicidality, anxiety disorder (obsessive–compulsive disorder, panic disorder, generalized anxiety disorder, post-traumatic stress disorder), or substance abuse/dependence other than nicotine dependence | |||
| Crunelle et al., 2013 | Participants were excluded when currently using any drugs other than alcohol, cannabis, or nicotine | Psychiatric disorders were excluded in healthy controls | ||
| Cubillo et al., 2010 |
Anxiety disorder (n = 1) Mood disorder (n = 3) Conduct disorder (n = 1) Substance related (n = 2) |
n.a | For healthy controls, exclusion criteria were present or past history of any mental disorder and substance abuse | |
| Epstein et al., 2001 |
MDD (n = 2) (Hypo)manic episode (n = 2) Alcohol abuse/dependence (n = 5) Other drug abuse/ dependence (n = 1) |
n.a |
Alcohol abuse/ dependence (n = 6) Other drug abuse/ dependence (n = 1) |
n.a |
| Hadas et al., 2021 | Neuropsychiatric comorbidities, and use of psychiatric drugs were ruled out | n.a | n.a | |
| Hamzeloo et al., 2018 | Psychiatric comorbidity symptoms for both groups were evaluated (i.e., anxiety, depression, bipolar disorder, PTSD, Antisocial PD and BPD) | |||
| Kamradt et al., 2014 | Participants with a history of Tourette’s disorder, schizophrenia or psychosis, or autism spectrum disorder were excluded | |||
| Lampe et al., 2007 | None |
BPD (n = 6) Substance abuse disorder (n = 1) Eating disorder (n = 4) Anxiety disorder (n = 1) PTSD (n = 1) |
None | None |
| Linhartová et al., 2021 | Comorbid psychotic or affective disorder and addiction lead to exclusion | For healthy controls the absence of psychiatric symptoms was confirmed | ||
| Marx et al., 2013 |
Depressive disorders (n = 2, currently remitted) Adjustment disorder (n = 1) Binge-eating (n = 2) Personality disorders (n = 9, except for BPD) |
n.a | Within the control group, no psychiatric or personality disorders were observed | |
| Meachon et al., 2021 | ADHD patients reported no history of brain damage or other developmental impairments | The control group additionally reported no history of any psychiatric or other health conditions | ||
| Murphy, 2002 | Subjects had to be free of psychosis, major depression, and mania, and were screened for current alcohol and drug abuse or dependence | |||
| n.a |
Alcohol abuse/ dependence (n = 1) Other drug abuse/ dependence (n = 1) |
No healthy control met criteria for current alcohol or drug abuse or dependence | ||
| Nigg et al., 2005 |
Anxiety disorder (n = 19) Antisocial PD (n = 5) |
Alcohol dependence (n = 16) Drug dependence (n = 11) Substance dependence (n = 24) MDD (n = 32) |
Anxiety disorder (n = 11) |
Alcohol dependence (n = 4) Drug dependence (n = 3) Substance dependence (n = 7) MDD (n = 11) |
| Ossmann & Mulligan, 2003 | n.a | n.a | n.a | n.a |
| Pironti et al., 2014 | Participants did not show relevant symptoms of a comorbid disorder reaching clinical significance for a formal DSM-IV Text Revision diagnosis | |||
| Roberts et al., 2011 |
Depression and/or anxiety (n = 5) Alcohol abuse (n = 2) Learning disability (n = 1) |
Depression and/or anxiety (n = 4) Bipolar disorder (n = 1) Alcohol abuse (n = 1) |
||
| Sebastian et al., 2012 |
Dysthymia (n = 4) Social phobia (n = 3) Specific phobia (n = 2) Anxiety disorder (n = 1) Substance abuse (n = 1) Dependent PD (n = 5) Schizoid PD (n = 1) |
MDD (n = 6) Obsessive compulsive disorder (n = 1) Substance abuse (n = 4) Substance dependence (n = 1) Eating disorder (n = 3) |
Healthy controls had no lifetime history of axis I or axis II disorders | |
| Szekely et al., 2017 fMRI | Any comorbid disorder (n = 12) | None | ||
| Szekely et al., 2017 MEG | Any comorbid disorder (n = 12) | None | ||
Current: diagnoses that patients and/or healthy controls currently meet the criteria for; Past/Lifetime: diagnoses that patients and/or healthy controls met the criteria for in the past; BPD Borderline personality disorder; PTSD Post-traumatic stress disorder; PD Personality disorder; MDD Major depressive disorder
1Derogatis, L.R., (1993): Brief Symptom Inventory (BSI): Administrative, Scoring and Procedural Manual. 3rd ed. Minneapolis, MN: National Computer Systems