Fig. 1. Location of sites, cultures, and language groups mentioned in this study.

a Geographic map with ROT and BOO indicated, also showing hypothetical origins for ancestral stages of Uralic subfamilies (Saa Saami, Fin/Fin2 Finnic, Man Mansi, Kh Khanty, Sam Samoyedic, Hun Hungarian, Md Mordvin, Ma Mari, Pe Permic), and a distribution of contemporaneous archeological cultures (adapted from Grünthal et al.⁸) , as well as sites with Eastern European Hunter-Gatherer (EEHG) and Eastern Siberian Late Neolithic/Bronze Age (LNBA) individuals. b Chronology of Seima-Turbino (ST is including ROT) and BOO individuals together with relevant BA groups of Northern Eurasia. The timeline is based on a combination of absolute (¹⁴C) and relative dates, c Cultural/regional attribution of the metallic inventory of the sites of the ST phenomenon. Pie charts indicate the breakdown of artifacts at specific sites by cultural/regional attribution.