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. 2024 Jun 11;14:13417. doi: 10.1038/s41598-024-64414-9

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© The Author(s) 2024, corrected publication 2024

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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The scatter plot visually illustrates all observed samples, operating two y-axes with different measurement ranges. The experimental group axis, with a peak value of 300 U/ml, encompasses serum samples from 1661 patients. The control group axis has a peak value of 0.8 U/ml, representing the “pre-pandemic control group” including serum samples from healthy donors before and during the early phases of the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic. Values below 0.8 U/ml are considered negative, while those greater than or equal to 0.8 U/ml are deemed positive.