Table 2.
Clinical prognoses of patients hospitalized with respiratory virus infection.
|
Characteristics |
Influenza |
SARS-CoV-2 |
Other respiratory viruses |
||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Survival N = 385 |
Death N = 51 |
p | Survival N = 1286 |
Death N = 211 |
p | Survival N = 291 |
Death N = 28 |
p | |
| Lymphopenia during hospitalization | 240/383 (62.7) | 51/51 (100.0) | <0.0001 | 867/1227 (70.7) | 198/209 (94.7) | <0.0001 | 158/286 (55.2) | 25/27 (92.6) | 0.0002 |
| Lasting for 1–2 days | 111/383 (29.0) | 4/51 (7.8) | <0.0001 | 338/1226 (27.6) | 39/207 (18.8) | <0.0001 | 70/286 (24.5) | 7/27 (25.9) | 0.0002 |
| Lasting for 3–7 days | 77/383 (20.1) | 20/51 (39.2) | 234/1226 (19.1) | 68/207 (32.9) | 45/286 (15.7) | 9/27 (33.3) | |||
| Lasting for more than 7 days | 52/383 (13.6) | 27/51 (52.9) | 294/1226 (24.0) | 89/207 (43.0) | 43/286 (15.0) | 9/27 (33.3) | |||
| Longest duration of lymphopenia | 1.0 (0.0, 4.0) | 8.0 (5.0, 12.0) | <0.0001 | 1.0 (0.0, 7.0) | 7.0 (3.0, 10.0) | <0.0001 | 1.0 (0.0, 5.0) | 6.0 (2.0, 9.0) | <0.0001 |
| Acute kidney injury | 68/377 (18.0) | 32/50 (64.0) | <0.0001 | 112/1074 (10.4) | 95/201 (47.3) | <0.0001 | 47/279 (16.8) | 16/27 (59.3) | <0.0001 |
| Liver injury | 80/373 (21.4) | 38/50 (76.0) | <0.0001 | 154/1049 (14.7) | 89/199 (44.7) | <0.0001 | 58/280 (20.7) | 20/27 (74.1) | <0.0001 |
| Hyperckemia | 17/306 (5.6) | 3/39 (7.7) | 0.6053 | 9/627 (1.4) | 14/157 (8.9) | <0.0001 | 9/240 (3.8) | 7/24 (29.2) | 0.0001 |
| Myocardial injury | 142/238 (59.7) | 28/30 (93.3) | 0.0003 | 524/1058 (49.5) | 200/205 (97.6) | <0.0001 | 102/227 (44.9) | 23/23 (100.0) | <0.0001 |
| Elavated BNP/NTproBNP | 186/306 (60.8) | 46/48 (95.8) | <0.0001 | 732/1049 (69.8) | 204/206 (99.0) | <0.0001 | 161/255 (63.1) | 24/24 (100.0) | 0.0003 |
| Low platelet | 16/373 (4.3) | 24/50 (48.0) | <0.0001 | 35/1226 (2.9) | 44/209 (21.1) | <0.0001 | 12/273 (4.4) | 11/26 (42.3) | <0.0001 |
| Suspected secondary bacterial infection | 111/269 (41.3) | 47/49 (95.9) | <0.0001 | 160/354 (45.2) | 121/145 (83.4) | <0.0001 | 63/183 (34.4) | 26/27 (96.3) | <0.0001 |
| Oxygen support | 20 (5.2) | 11 (21.6) | 0.0003 | 122 (9.5) | 15 (7.1) | 0.2669 | 26 (8.9) | 2 (7.1) | 0.7422 |
| NIMV | 69 (17.9) | 20 (39.2) | 0.0004 | 26 (2.0) | 21 (10.0) | <0.0001 | 22 (7.6) | 3 (10.7) | 0.5706 |
| IMV | 57 (14.8) | 45 (88.2) | <0.0001 | 22 (1.7) | 67 (31.8) | <0.0001 | 20 (6.9) | 20 (71.4) | <0.0001 |
| ECMO | 10 (2.6) | 17 (33.3) | <0.0001 | 2 (0.2) | 8 (3.8) | <0.0001 | 3 (1.0) | 5 (17.9) | 0.0001 |
| vasoactive drug | 106 (27.5) | 36 (70.6) | <0.0001 | 76 (5.9) | 108 (51.2) | <0.0001 | 81 (27.8) | 25 (89.3) | <0.0001 |
| ICU admission | 95 (24.7) | 47 (92.2) | <0.0001 | 64 (5.0) | 72 (34.1) | <0.0001 | 45 (15.5) | 21 (75.0) | <0.0001 |
| Length of stay | 11.0 (8.0–16.0) | 12.0 (8.0–22.0) | 0.2948 | 12.0 (8.0–16.0) | 10.0 (6.0–14.0) | 0.0002 | 11.0 (8.0–15.0) | 8.5 (5.5–17.5) | 0.1350 |
| At least one secondary outcome | 335 (87.0) | 51 (100.0) | 0.0062 | 1060 (82.4) | 209 (99.1) | <0.0001 | 231 (79.4) | 27 (96.4) | 0.0285 |
| Without any secondary outcome | 50 (13.0) | 0 (0.0) | 0.0062 | 226 (17.6) | 2 (0.9) | <0.0001 | 60 (20.6) | 1 (3.6) | 0.0285 |
Notes. Data were expressed as number (%) or median (interquartile range). P values were estimated by Chi-square test, Fisher's exact test or Kruskal-Wallis test, where appropriate. Other respiratory viruses included respiratory syncytial virus, parainfluenza virus, human rhinovirus, coronavirus, human metapneumovirus and adenovirus. Secondary outcomes referred to lymphopenia during hospitalization, acute kidney injury, liver injury, hyperckemia, myocardial injury, elevated BNP/NTproBNP, low platelet, suspected secondary bacterial infection, NIMV, IMV, ECMO, vasoactive drug and ICU admission.
Abbreviations: BNP, brain natriuretic peptide; NT-pro BNP, N-terminal pro-brain natriuretic peptide; NIMV, noninvasive mechanical ventilation; IMV, invasive mechanical ventilation; ECMO, extracorporeal membrane oxygenation.