TABLE 1.
Clinical and laboratory characteristics at baseline and 1-year of intervention according to study total physical activity tertile groups.
| T1 (n = 99) | T2 (n = 99) | T3 (n = 99) | p-value across tertiles & | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Variables | |||||
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| Age (years) | 65.00 ± 5.02 | 64.45 ± 4.64 | 64.42 ± 5.50 | 0.740 | |
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| Sex (male/female) | 45/54 | 51/48 | 56/43 | 0.293 | |
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| Weight (Kg), mean ± SD | Baseline | 85.77 ± 12.21 | 88.55 ± 12.06 | 89.69 ± 12.67 a | 0.072 |
| 1-year | 84.03 ± 12.41* | 86.20 ± 11.87 * | 86.14 ± 12.87 * | 0.435 | |
| Change | -2.04 ± 3.75 | -2.57 ± 4.48 | -3.95 ± 4.51 ª, b | 0.005 | |
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| Waist circumference (cm), mean ± SD | Baseline | 107.70 ± 9.72 | 109.86 ± 9.34 | 110.12 ± 9.12 a | 0.140 |
| 1-year | 106.25 ± 10.48 * | 107.30 ± 9.78 * | 106.11 ± 10.16 * | 0.688 | |
| Change | -1.34 ± 4.19 | -2.27 ± 4.84 | -3.60 ± 5.30 a | < 0.001 | |
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| Hip circumference (cm), median (IQR) | Baseline | 109.0 (103.9–115.3) | 109.0 (103.5–114.5) | 110.5 (104.0–116.0) | 0.711 |
| 1-year | 108.0 (102.5–114.3) * | 108.9 (103.0–114.5) | 107.0 (102.0–113.0) * | 0.333 | |
| Change | -0.72 ± 4.01 | -0.20 ± 4.53 | -2.40 ± 4.19 a, b | 0.002 | |
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| Waist-Hip ratio, mean ± SD | Baseline | 0.98 ± 0.07 | 1.00 ± 0.07 | 0.99 ± 0.07 | 0.159 |
| 1-year | 0.98 ± 0.07 | 0.98 ± 0.07 * | 0.98 ± 0.07 * | 0.628 | |
| Change | -0.53 ± 4.39 | -1.99 ± 4.49 | -1.17 ± 4.82 | 0.055 | |
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| BMI (Kg/m2), median (IQR) | Baseline | 32.3 (29.6–35.1) | 32.8 (30.2–35.4) | 32.7 (31.1–35.9) | 0.205 |
| 1-year | 31.5 (29.5–34.7) * | 32.1 (29.4–34.5) | 31.7 (29.5–35.0) * | 0.883 | |
| Change | -1.99 ± 3.48 | -2.50 ± 4.64 | -3.68 ± 4.42 a | 0.020 | |
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| Glucose (mg/dL), median (IQR) | Baseline | 103.0 (93.0–116.0) | 101.0 (91.0–118.0) | 104.0 (95.0–117.0) | 0.561 |
| 1-year | 101.0 (94.0–114.0) | 101.0 (91.0–119.0) | 101.0 (91.0–113.0) * | 0.841 | |
| Change | -0.94 ± 13.35 | 0.83 ± 16.62 | -2.06 ± 17.95 | 0.192 | |
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| Triglycerides (mg/dL), median (IQR) | Baseline | 162.0 (117.0–232.0) | 151.0 (103.0–196.0) | 152.0 (118.0–210.0) | 0.345 |
| 1-year | 153.0 (109.0–203.0) | 135.0 (103.7–177.5) | 137.0 (109.0–184.0) * | 0.323 | |
| Change | 2.34 ± 44.74 | -2.20 ± 32.98 | 0.76 ± 68.39 | 0.441 | |
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| Total cholesterol (mg/dL), median (IQR) | Baseline | 197.0 (174.0–225.0) | 199.0 (172.0–223.0) | 197.0 (178.0–223.0) | 0.760 |
| 1-year | 195.0 (174.0–223.0) | 202.0 (167.7–228.0) | 192.0 (175.0–219.0) | 0.853 | |
| Change | 1.02 ± 17.92 | 0.66 ± 15.83 | -0.98 ± 14.62 | 0.354 | |
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| HDL (mg/dL), median (IQR) | Baseline | 47.0 (40.0–52.0) | 48.0 (42.0–57.0) | 46.0 (41.0–55.0) | 0.372 |
| 1-year | 49.0 (41.0–58.0) * | 49.0 (42.0–59.0) | 51.0 (44.0–58.0) * | 0.601 | |
| Change | 5.68 ± 12.00 | 2.48 ± 18.97 | 8.69 ± 17.71 | 0.093 | |
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| LDL (mg/dL), median (IQR) | Baseline | 111.0 (97.0–130.0) | 114.0 (91.7–140.2) | 117.0 (102.0–138.0) | 0.333 |
| 1-year | 113.0 (91.0–135.0) | 118.5 (96.5–145.2) | 113.0 (99.0–131.0) | 0.488 | |
| Change | 3.23 ± 30.38 | 4.05 ± 21.45 | -1.40 ± 22.86 | 0.051 | |
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| HbA1c (%) | Baseline | 6.07 ± 1.10 | 6.10 ± 0.85 | 6.02 ± 0.68 | 0.206 |
| 1-year | 5.95 ± 0.89 | 6.07 ± 1.11 | 5.91 ± 0.64 * | 0.298 | |
| Change | -2.23 ± 13.93 | -1.40 ± 14.27 | -1.38 ± 6.73 | 0.496 | |
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| SBP (mm Hg), median (IQR) | Baseline | 139.0 (130.0–149.7) | 138.3 (128.0–146.3) | 138.3 (128.3–149.3) | 0.526 |
| 1-year | 136.3 (124.3–146.3) * | 136.7 (125.7–146.7) | 133.7 (125.3–146.0) | 0.961 | |
| Change | -2.98 ± 9.94 | -1.27 ± 11.18 | -1.90 ± 10.85 | 0.523 | |
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| DBP (mm Hg), mean ± SD | Baseline | 79.00 ± 9.94 | 80.11 ± 8.60 | 80.17 ± 10.78 | 0.642 |
| 1-year | 76.72 ± 9.18 * | 78.13 ± 8.14 * | 78.34 ± 10.72 * | 0.440 | |
| Change | -2.29 ± 10.24 | -1.79 ± 11.13 | -1.82 ± 9.90 | 0.930 | |
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| 17-point Mediterranean adherence score, median (IQR) | Baseline | 8.0 (6.0–9.0) | 8.0 (6.0–10.0) | 8.0 (6.0–10.0) | 0.785 |
| 1-year | 12.0 (10.0–14.0) * | 13.0 (10.0–15.0) * | 14.0 (11.0–16.0) *, a | 0.002 | |
| Change | 3.93 ± 3.03 | 4.14 ± 3.63 | 5.27 ± 3.48 a | 0.005 | |
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| Total physical activity (METs-min/week), median (IQR) | Baseline | 3338.0 (1766.9–5048.9) | 2125.8 (1165.5–3356.6) a | 1021.9 (524.4–1874.1) a, b | < 0.001 |
| 1-year | 1524.4 (671.3–2564.1) * | 2937.0 (1342.6–4510.5) *, a | 3416.3 (1958.0–5272.7) *, a | < 0.001 | |
| Change | -44.83 ± 24.94 | 28.96 ± 23.33 a | 273.64 ± 221.42 ª, b | < 0.001 | |
BMI, body mass index; DBP, diastolic blood pressure; HbA1c, glycated hemoglobin; HDL, high-density lipoprotein; IQR, interquartile range; LDL, low-density lipoprotein; METs, metabolic equivalent of tasks; SBP, systolic blood pressure; SD, standard deviation. Participants were divided by tertiles of 1-year change in total PA-related energy expenditure, between -98.77 and -10.24 for T1, between -10.25 and 69.10 for T2, and between 69.11 and 1099.99 for T3.
p ≤ 0.05 baseline vs. 1-year of intervention value, according to paired Student’s tests or Wilcoxon tests.
One-way ANOVA, Pearson’s chi-square test or Kruskal–Wallis test used to calculate differences across tertiles; Pearson’s chi-square test, Student’s t-test or Mann–Whitney test used to calculate differences between tertiles;
p ≤ 0.05 vs. T1;
p ≤ 0.05 vs. T2.