Table 2. Prediabetes Prevalence by Intersectional Adverse SDOH Status and Racial and Ethnic Identity.
| SDOH category | Racial or ethnic groupa | |||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Asian | Black | Mexican American | Other Hispanic | White | >1 or Other raceb | |||||||
| Prevalence (95% CI), % | P valuec | Prevalence (95% CI), % | P valuec | Prevalence (95% CI), % | P valuec | Prevalence (95% CI), % | P valuec | Prevalence (95% CI), % | P valuec | Prevalence (95% CI), % | P valuec | |
| Food security status | ||||||||||||
| Marginal, low, or very low | 27.3 (9.6 to 44.9) | .20 | 23.9 (18.0 to 29.8) | .55 | 10.5 (3.5 to 17.5) | .50 | 8.8 (2.2 to 15.5) | .80 | 6.3 (2.8 to 9.7) | .02 | 9.4 (0.4 to 18.4) | .20 |
| Secure (reference) | 12.2 (3.1 to 21.3) | NA | 21.0 (13.1 to 29.0) | NA | 7.6 (3.2 to 12.0) | NA | 7.7 (2.3 to 13.2) | NA | 1.6 (0.2 to 3.0) | NA | 2.8 (−1.0 to 6.7) | NA |
| Insurance | ||||||||||||
| None | 8.6 (−6.9 to 24.0)d | >.99 | 20.5 (6.3 to 34.8) | >.99 | 9.1 (1.0 to 17.2) | .50 | 5.0 (−0.9 to 10.8) | .07 | 6.6 (−3.0 to 16.2) | .20 | 5.9 (−6.7 to 18.5)d | .80 |
| Public | 32 (15.3 to 48.6) | .01 | 23.8 (17.8 to 29.8) | .60 | 10.5 (3.8 to 17.2) | .20 | 6.5 (0.5 to 12.5) | .70 | 7.1 (3.4 to 10.9) | .002 | 7.9 (−0.2 to 16.1) | .40 |
| Private (reference) | 8.6 (1.5 to 15.7) | NA | 20.8 (12.0 to 29.6) | NA | 5.9 (1.3 to 10.4) | NA | 19.6 (4.7 to 34.5) | NA | 0.8 (−0.3 to 1.8) | NA | 4.3 (−0.5 to 9.0) | NA |
| Ratio of income to FPL | ||||||||||||
| <130% | 26.0 (8.7 to 43.4) | .10 | 28.5 (20.4 to 36.5) | .02 | 11.3 (4.9 to 17.8) | .40 | 12.1 (4.5 to 19.7) | .20 | 6.3 (3.5 to 9.2) | .01 | 12.6 (−0.6 to 25.7) | .10 |
| ≥130% (Reference) | 11.5 (3.9 to 19.2) | NA | 18.2 (12.3 to 24.0) | NA | 8.1 (2.7 to 13.5) | NA | 5.3 (0.1 to 10.5) | NA | 2.3 (0.5 to 4.0) | NA | 2.8 (−0.4 to 6.0) | NA |
| No. of adverse SDOH | ||||||||||||
| 3 | 38.2 (9.2 to 67.1) | .08 | 31.3 (22.0 to 40.6) | .70 | 12.2 (2.9 to 21.6) | .20 | 9.8 (1.1 to 18.4) | .20 | 8.3 (4.9 to 11.8) | <.001 | 16.6 (−1.3 to 34.4) | .20 |
| 2 | 22.8 (2.9 to 42.6) | .40 | 19.6 (10.6 to 28.5) | .20 | 9.5 (2.1 to 16.9) | .40 | 13.5 (3.2 to 23.9) | .06 | 8.3 (1.6 to 15.1) | .03 | 1.3 (−1.4 to 3.9) | .40 |
| 1 | 5.6 (−3.1 to 14.4) | .10 | 16.1 (9.0 to 23.1) | .10 | 9 (2.1 to 16.0) | .30 | 6.4 (−2.2 to 15.1) | .40 | 1.9 (−0.5 to 4.3) | .40 | 2.3 (−2.3 to 7.0) | .70 |
| 0 (Reference) | 12.1 (2.4 to 21.8) | NA | 27.9 (14.1 to 41.6) | NA | 5.5 (−0.5 to 11.4) | NA | 2.5 (−2.7 to 7.6) | NA | 0.6 (−0.7 to 2.0) | NA | 4.0 (−1.7 to 9.6) | NA |
Abbreviations: FPL, federal poverty level; NA, not applicable; SDOH, social determinants of health.
Unweighted sample sizes with responses for each measure included 1534 for food security, 1558 for health insurance, 1420 for income, and 1416 youths for cumulative SDOH. Multivariable logistic regression models were adjusted for age, sex, body mass index z score, and survey cycle. Data are from the 2011 to 2018 cycles of the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey including youths aged 12 to 18 years with a body mass index at or above the 85th percentile without known diabetes.
Other includes American Indian or Alaska Native, Native Hawaiian or Other Pacific Islander, and other race.
False discovery rate–adjusted P value for comparisons within each of 6 racial and ethnic categories; reference category is the most advantaged group.
Estimate may be less reliable owing to relative SE of 30% or greater.