Figure 3.

Midpoint to endpoint contribution analysis for the endpoints of (a) human health in DALY/kWh and (b) ecosystem quality in species·year/kWh using the hierarchist (H) perspective of the ReCiPe 2016 LCIA method. Percentages represent the decrease in impact between 2023 and 2050 for each respective background scenario (i.e., shared socioeconomic pathway 2 (SSP2) – baseline, SSP2 – representative concentration pathway (RCP) 2.6, and SSP2 – RCP 1.9, corresponding to 3–4, 1.6–1.8, and 1.2–1.4 °C global mean surface temperature increases by 2100, respectively). Other assumptions: panel design, monofacial; insolation, 1391 kWh/m²/year; geographic scope, China (production) and Europe (use and end-of-life); annual degradation rate for perovskite, 0.4–0.5% (relative).