Figure 4.
Process contribution analysis for the impact category of climate change in kg of CO2-eq/kWh using the EF v3.1 method. The x axis represents the year of production for the panel. Impacts from end-of-life were modeled to occur after the economic lifespan of the panel. For example, end-of-life for the panel produced in 2023 was modeled to occur in 2053. Assumptions: panel design: (a) monofacial single-junction, (b) monofacial tandem, (c) bifacial single-junction, or (d) bifacial tandem; insolation: 1391 kWh/m2/year; geographic scope: China (production) and Europe (use and end-of-life); annual degradation rate for perovskite: 0.5% (relative); background scenario: shared socio-economic pathway 2 - representative concentration pathway 2.6 (corresponding to a 1.6–1.8 °C global mean surface temperature increase by 2100).