Fig. 1. ECL images of the RDBPE at different rotation speeds ω: (a) 0 rpm, (b) 25 rpm, (c) 100 rpm, (d) 400 rpm, and (e) 1000 rpm. A constant electric field of 8.3 V cm⁻¹ was imposed by the two graphite feeder electrodes schematized at both extremities. Experiments were performed in a PBS (10 mM, pH 7.4) solution containing 0.1 mM [Ru(bpy)₃]²⁺ and 0.25 mM TPA. The dotted white circle and the dotted arrow indicate the position of the RDBPE and the direction of rotation, respectively. Exposure time: 8 s.