. 2024 May 31;10(11):e32222. doi: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e32222

Table 4.

Antibacterial activity of acidified ethanol extracts of pomegranate peels (Punica granatum L.), Chili pepper fruit and Bougainvillea flowers against gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria at different concentrations.

		Concentration (μg/mL)
		50	100	250	500	1000
		Inhibition zone (mm) after24hrs.
Microorganisms		Pomegranate peels acidified ethanolic extract
G+	Staph. aureus	8.13 ± 0.54^e	9.22 ± 0.47^h	10.23 ± 0.91^h	12.98 ± 0.54^h	17.87 ± 0.43^e
	Strept. pyogenes	8.44 ± 0.54^b	9.33 ± 0.65^g	10.55 ± 0.84^e	14.14 ± 0.65^d	17.11 ± 0.65^g
	L. monocytogenes	8.12 ± 0.43^f	9.95 ± 0.43^a	10.77 ± 0.49^c	13.69 ± 0.72^g	16.34 ± 0.74^h
	L. ivvanovi	8.43 ± 0.54^c	9.66 ± 0.65^c	10.61 ± 0.84^d	13.98 ± 0.54^f	17.79 ± 0.65^f
G-	K. oxytoca	7.49 ± 0.42^h	9.87 ± 0.91b	10.89 ± 0.42^a	14.11 ± 0.65^e	18.11 ±0 .92^c
	S. typhimurum	7.77 ± 0.58^g	9.44 ± 0.75e	10.42 ± 0.61^f	15.55 ± 0.45^b	18.12 ± 0.74^b
	P. aeruginosa	8.66 ± 0.65^a	9.54 ± 0.62d	10.38 ± 0.54^g	15.66 ± 0.64^a	17.89 ± 0.43^d
	Escherichia coli	8.38 ± 0.56^d	9.34 ± 0.54f	10.88 ±0 .62^b	15.11 ±0 .62^c	18.67 ± 0.51^a
Chili pepper fruit acidified ethanol extract
G+	Staph. aureus	7.10 ± 0.54^h	7.16 ± 0.54 ^h	8.44 ± 0.85^c	10.35 ± 0.25^e	11.77 ± 0.54^g
	Strept. pyogenes	7.12 ± 0.58^g	7.62 ± 0.65^d	8.35 ± 0.23^e	10.51 ± 0.45^c	12.22 ± 0.85^e
	L. monocytogenes	7.13 ± 0.62^f	7.43 ± 0.74^f	8.59 ± 0.84^b	10.65 ± 0.93^b	11.44 ± 0.65^h
	L. ivvanovi	7.17 ± 0.45^e	7.37 ± 0.61^g	8.31 ± 0.65^g	10.43 ± 0.52^d	12.29 ± 0.25^c
G-	K. oxytoca	7.32 ± 0.65^a	7.52 ± 0.75^e	8.82 ± 0.25^a	10.23 ± 0.25^f	12.32 ± 0.48_b
	S. typhimurum	7.22 ± 0.54^c	7.77 ± 0.62^b	8.31 ± 0.48^g	10.14 ± 0.48^g	12.88 ± 0.45^a
	P. aeruginosa	7.23 ± 0.87^b	7.73 ± 0.84^c	8.33 ± 0.94^f	10.83 ± 0.32^a	12.24 ± 0.81^d
	Escherichia coli	7.21 ± 0.65^d	7.84 ± 0.43^a	8.37 ± 0.84^d	10.11 ± 0.81^h	11.99 ± 0.54^f
Bougainvillea flowers acidified ethanol extract
G+	Staph. aureus	6.03 ± 0.36^c	7.13 ± 0.51^g	7.97 ± 0.32^g	8.49 ± 0.14^f	10.56 ± 0.21^f
	Strept. pyogenes	6.00 ± 0.48^f	7.10 ± 0.05^h	7.88 ± 0.23^e	8.38 ± 0.32^h	10.48 ± 0.32^g
	L. monocytogenes	6.04 ± 0.41^b	7.14 ± 0.52^f	7.86 ± 0.19^f	8.79 ± 0.54^e	10.85 ±0 .09 ^b
	L. ivvanovi	6.01 ± 0.87^e	7.15 ± 0.09^e	7.91 ± 0.09^c	8.39 ± 0.32^g	10.57 ± 0.45^e
G-	K. oxytoca	6.05 ± 0.31^a	7.19 ± 025^c	7.98 ± 0.58^a	8.82 ± 0.58^d	10.63 ± 0.32^d
	S. typhimurum	6.04 ± 0.07^b	7.20 ± 00.61^b	7.78 ± 0.41^h	8.92 ± 0.25^c	10.66 ± 0.16^c
	P. aeruginosa	6.02 ± 0.19^d	7.18 ± 0.42^d	7.93 ± 0.24^b	8.94 ± 0.09^b	10.88 ± 0.48^a
	Escherichia coli	6.05 ± 0.24^a	7.21 ± 0.64^a	7.89 ± 0.48^d	8.95 ± 0.48^a	10.44 ± 0.48^h

G⁺: (Gram-positive bacteria). G⁻: Gram-negative bacteria (−). Different letters represent significant differences (Duncan's test significant difference test at p < 0.05) among all treatments. Values are showen as the mean ± SE (n = 3).