Table 2.
Diet-dependent cytokine fold-changes.
| CYTOKINES | HCHF vs baseline | HP vs baseline | HCHF vs HP |
|---|---|---|---|
| ENA-78 | 438.42 | 1.00 | 437.93 |
| GCSF | 10.56 | 1.76 | 5.99 |
| GM-CSF | 1197.23 | 36.36 | 32.93 |
| GRO | 96.21 | 2.57 | 37.44 |
| GRO-a | 17.67 | 1.44 | 12.31 |
| I-309 | 1.39 | 0.11 | 12.71 |
| IL-1a | 3.62 | 1.37 | 2.65 |
| IL-1b | 169.54 | 1.00 | 169.35 |
| IL-2 | 2.72 | 0.01 | 445.88 |
| IL-3 | 13.63 | 2.18 | 6.24 |
| IL-4 | 31.24 | 1.00 | 31.20 |
| IL-5 | 588.68 | 41.46 | 14.20 |
| IL-6 | 6.09 | 1.59 | 3.83 |
| IL-7 | 21.95 | 2.79 | 7.87 |
| IL-8 | 1609.57 | 74.01 | 21.75 |
| IL-10 | 685.53 | 1.00 | 684.76 |
| IL-12 p70 | 316.65 | 1.00 | 316.29 |
| IL-13 | 30.99 | 4.68 | 6.62 |
| IL-15 | 1541.14 | 66.94 | 23.02 |
| IFN-g | 6.13 | 1.62 | 3.77 |
| MCP-1 | 2.09 | 1.04 | 2.02 |
| MCP-2 | 384.47 | 1.00 | 384.04 |
| MCP-3 | 13.18 | 0.11 | 117.06 |
| MCSF | 2.45 | 1.48 | 1.66 |
| MDC | 91.64 | 1.00 | 91.54 |
| MIG | 3.18 | 1.11 | 2.88 |
| MIP-1b | 306.73 | 1.00 | 306.38 |
| MIP-1d | 58.19 | 0.01 | 5553.28 |
| RANTES | 53.82 | 1.00 | 53.76 |
| SCF | 136.11 | 1.00 | 135.96 |
| SDF-1 | 16.41 | 0.40 | 41.24 |
| TARC | 19.12 | 1.00 | 19.10 |
| TGF-b1 | 6.00 | 1.29 | 4.64 |
| TNF-a | 2.64 | 1.28 | 2.07 |
| TNF-b | 4.31 | 0.90 | 4.81 |
| EGF | 2.31 | 1.04 | 2.22 |
| IGF-I | 342.86 | 1.00 | 342.48 |
| Angiogenin | 3357.74 | 1.00 | 3353.97 |
| Oncostatin M | 2.70 | 1.05 | 2.57 |
| Thrombopoietin | 74.92 | 1.00 | 74.84 |
| VEGF | 51.80 | 6.01 | 8.62 |
| PDGF-BB | 41.19 | 1.00 | 41.14 |
| Leptin | 298.09 | 1.00 | 297.75 |
| BDNF | 4.63 | 1.57 | 2.94 |
| BLC | 1706.32 | 10.87 | 156.92 |
| Ck b 8–1 | 80.68 | 0.06 | 1353.68 |
| Eotaxin | 608.08 | 1.00 | 607.40 |
| Eotaxin-2 | 39.82 | 1.00 | 39.78 |
| Eotaxin-3 | 309.53 | 1.00 | 309.18 |
| FGF-4 | 333.09 | 1.00 | 332.71 |
| FGF-6 | 2.93 | 1.28 | 2.29 |
| FGF-7 | 258.58 | 1.00 | 258.29 |
| FGF-9 | 396.24 | 0.94 | 419.92 |
| Flt-3 Ligand | 2661.21 | 65.60 | 40.57 |
| Fractalkine | 8.39 | 0.11 | 73.39 |
| GCP-2 | 818.98 | 1.00 | 818.06 |
| GDNF | 34.84 | 2.51 | 13.88 |
| HGF | 614.93 | 4.66 | 131.87 |
| IGFBP-1 | 2.81 | 0.74 | 3.79 |
| IGFBP-2 | 1.83 | 0.77 | 2.37 |
| IGFBP-3 | 7.49 | 2.01 | 3.73 |
| IGFBP-4 | 64.33 | 1.00 | 64.26 |
| IL-16 | 55.94 | 1.00 | 55.88 |
| IP-10 | 765.67 | 1.00 | 764.81 |
| LIF | 509.74 | 1.00 | 509.17 |
| LIGHT | 1008.32 | 227.32 | 4.44 |
| MCP-4 | 171.98 | 5.75 | 29.93 |
| MIF | 384.89 | 1.00 | 384.45 |
| MIP-3a | 207.17 | 0.13 | 1560.56 |
| NAP-2 | 1416.94 | 3.76 | 377.06 |
| NT-3 | 314.60 | 3.85 | 81.72 |
| NT-4 | 7.95 | 1.35 | 5.88 |
| Osteopontin | 2.98 | 1.49 | 2.00 |
| Osteoprotegerin | 39.63 | 1.00 | 39.59 |
| PARC | 206.79 | 0.78 | 266.77 |
| PIGF | 416.46 | 1.00 | 415.99 |
| TGF- b2 | 3.49 | 1.65 | 2.11 |
| TGF- b3 | 68.44 | 1.00 | 68.36 |
| TIMP-1 | 1617.49 | 51.25 | 31.56 |
| TIMP-2 | 188.68 | 1.00 | 188.47 |
Differences were calculated to evaluate changes in the high carbohydrate + high fat (HCHF) group normalized by high protein with higher fiber (HP) diet group after 15 weeks of differential diet exposure (third column). The initial columns are for individual (age-dependent) inflammatory responses where fold-changes were calculated for differential dietary exposures to HCHF or HP diets. Relative fluorescence units (RFUs) for each cytokine across all samples analyzed at the end of 15 weeks were normalized to liver samples collected at baseline (following 1 week in quarantine). The HCHF diet generated a more pro-inflammatory profile compared to the HP diet. Cytokines are significantly upregulated if ≥ 1.5-fold (bold print) or significantly downregulated if ≤ 0.65-fold (italicized print). Non-significant fold changes appear as grayed-out text. Cytokines abbreviations are as follows: ENA-78 (C-X-C motif chemokine ligand 5, CXCL5), GCSF (colony stimulating factor 3), GM-CSF (granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor 2), GRO (Growth-regulated alpha/beta/gamma protein), GRO-a (C-X-C motif chemokine ligand 1, CXCL1), I-309 (C-C motif chemokine 1, CCL1), IL-1a (Interleukin-1 alpha), IL-1b (Interleukin-1 beta), IL-2 (Interleukin-2), IL-3 (Interleukin-3), IL-4 (Interleukin-4), IL-5 (Interleukin-5), IL-6 (Interleukin-6), IL-7 (Interleukin-7), IL-8 (Interleukin-8, C-X-C motif chemokine 8), IL-10 (Interleukin-10), IL-12 p70 (Interleukin-12 subunit alpha), IL-13 (Interleukin-13), IL-15 (Interleukin-15), IL-16 (Pro-interleukin-16), IFN-g (Interferon gamma), MCP-1 (Monocyte chemoattractant protein 1, C-C motif chemokine 2), MCP-2 (Monocyte chemoattractant protein 2, C-C motif chemokine 8), MCP-3 (Monocyte chemoattractant protein 3, C-C motif chemokine 7), MCSF (Macrophage colony-stimulating factor 1), MDC (Macrophage-derived chemokine, C-C motif chemokine 22), MIG (Monokine induced by interferon-gamma, C-X-C motif chemokine 9), MIP-1b (Macrophage inflammatory protein 1-beta, C-C motif chemokine 4), MIP-1d (Macrophage inflammatory protein 5, C-C motif chemokine 15), RANTES (Regulated upon Activation, Normal T Cell Expressed and Presumably Secreted; C-C motif chemokine 5), SCF (Stem cell factor, Kit ligand), SDF-1 (Stromal cell-derived factor 1, C-X-C motif chemokine 12), TARC (Thymus and activation-regulated chemokine, C-C motif chemokine 17), TGF-b1 (Transforming growth factor beta-1 proprotein), TNF-a (Tumor necrosis factor-alpha), TNF-b (Tumor necrosis factor-beta, Lymphotoxin-alpha), EGF (Pro-epidermal growth factor), IGF-I (Insulin-like growth factor I), ANG (Angiogenin), OSM (Oncostatin M), TPO (Thrombopoietin), VEGF (Vascular endothelial growth factor A, long form), PDGF-BB (Platelet-derived growth factor subunit B), LEP (Leptin), BDNF (Brain-derived neurotrophic factor), BLC (B cell lymphocyte chemoattractant, C-X-C motif chemokine 13), Ck b 8–1 (CK-beta 8, Macrophage inflammatory protein 3, C-C motif chemokine 23), Eotaxin (Eosinophil chemotactic protein, C-C motif chemokine 11), Eotaxin-2 (Eosinophil chemotactic protein 2, C-C motif chemokine 24), Eotaxin-3 (Macrophage inflammatory protein 4-alpha, C-C motif chemokine 26), FGF-4 (Fibroblast growth factor 4, Heparin secretory-transforming protein 1), FGF-6 (Fibroblast growth factor 6, Heparin-binding growth factor 6), FGF-7 (Fibroblast growth factor 7, Heparin-binding growth factor 7, Keratinocyte growth factor), FGF-9 (Fibroblast growth factor 9, Glia-activating factor, Heparin-binding growth factor 9), Flt-3 Ligand (Fms-related tyrosine kinase 3 ligand), Fractalkine (C-X3-C motif chemokine 1), GCP-2 (C-X-C motif chemokine 6), GDNF (Glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor), HGF (Hepatocyte growth factor), IGFBP-1 (Insulin-like growth factor-binding protein 1), IGFBP-2 (Insulin-like growth factor-binding protein 2), IGFBP-3 (Insulin-like growth factor-binding protein 3), IGFBP-4 (Insulin-like growth factor-binding protein 4), IP-10 (10 kDa interferon gamma-induced protein, C-X-C motif chemokine 10), LIF (Leukemia inhibitory factor), LIGHT (Tumor necrosis factor ligand superfamily member 14), MCP-4 (Monocyte chemoattractant protein 4, C-C motif chemokine 13), MIF (Macrophage migration inhibitory factor), MIP-3a (Macrophage inflammatory protein 3 alpha, C-C motif chemokine 20), NAP-2 (Neutrophil-activating peptide-2, Platelet basic protein, C-X-C motif chemokine 7), NT-3 (Neurotrophin-3, Nerve growth factor 2), NT-4 (Neurotrophin-4), OPN (Osteopontin, Secreted phosphoprotein 1), OPG (Osteoprotegerin, Tumor necrosis factor receptor superfamily member 11B), PARC (Pulmonary and activation-regulated chemokine, Macrophage inflammatory protein 4, C-C motif chemokine 18), PIGF (Placental growth factor), TGF- b2 (Transforming growth factor beta-2 proprotein), TGF- b3 (Transforming growth factor beta-3 proprotein), TIMP-1 (Tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinases 1, Metalloproteinase inhibitor 1), and TIMP-2 (Tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinases 2, Metalloproteinase inhibitor 2).