Table 2. Descriptive statistics, unadjusted and adjusted analysis for various factors for typhoid carriers among patients who underwent cholecystectomy for gall bladder diseases.
| S. No | Variables | qPCR negative controls n = 954 (%) |
Typhoid carrier n = 34 (%) | Crude Prevalence Ratio (95%CI) | p-value | Adj Prevalence Ratio (95% CI) |
p-value | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Age (years) | ≤40 | 417 (43.7) | 23 (67.6) | 0.37 (0.17–0.77) |
0.008 | 0.26 (0.08–0.80) |
0.02 |
| *>40 | 537 (56.3) | 11 (32.4) | 1.00 | - | 1.00 | - | ||
| 2 | Gender | Female | 742 (77.8) | 25 (73.5) | 0.79 (0.36–1.73) |
0.56 | - | - |
| *Male | 212 (22.2) | - | 1.00 | - | - | - | ||
| 3 | Ethnicity | Sindhi | 142 (14.9) | 07 (20.6) | 1.61 (0.65–3.98) |
0.31 | 1.21 (0.25–5.96) |
0.82 |
| Balochi | 38 (4.0) | 03 (8.8) | 2.57 (0.72–9.21) |
0.15 | 3.66 (0.69–19.4) |
0.13 | ||
| Punjabi | 98 (10.3) | 02 (5.9) | 0.66 (0.15–2.94) |
0.59 | 0.53 (0.06–4.61) |
0.56 | ||
| Pakhtun | 90 (9.4) | 04 (11.8) | 1.45 (0.47–4.43) |
0.52 | 1.03 (0.11–9.88) |
0.98 | ||
| *Urdu speaking | 521 (54.6) | 16 (47.1) | 1.00 | - | 1.00 | - | ||
| Others | 65 (6.8) | 02 (5.9) | 1.00 (0.23–4.46) |
0.99 | 0.91 (0.09–8.48) |
0.93 | ||
| 4 | Source of drinking water | Boiled water | 236 (24.7) | 08 (23.5) | - | - | - | - |
| Filtered/Bottled water | 220 (23.1) | 08 (23.5) | - | - | - | - | ||
| Others | 498 (52.2) | 18 (52.9) | - | - | - | - | ||
| 5 | a Diagnosis | *Acute cholecystitis ± cholelithiasis | 231 (24.2) | 11 (32.4) | 1.00 | - | 1.00 | - |
| Chronic cholecystitis ± cholelithiasis | 718 (75.3) | 23 (67.6) | 0.67 (0.32–1.40) |
0.29 | 0.64 (0.13–3.26) |
0.59 | ||
| Gall bladder carcinoma | 4 (0.4) | 0 (0.0) | - | - | - | - | ||
| Gall bladder Empyema | 1 (0.1) | 0 (0.0) | - | - | - | - | ||
| 6 | b Practice Hand hygiene | 937 (98.2) | 34 (100) | - | - | - | - | |
| 7 | c Socio-economic status composite wealth index | Low | 351 (36.8) | 16 (47.1) | 1.84 (0.75–4.53) |
0.19 | 1.65 (0.56–4.85) |
0.36 |
| Middle | 321 (33.6) | 11 (32.4) | 1.38 (0.53–3.61) |
0.51 | 1.19 (0.44–3.22) |
0.74 | ||
| *Upper class | 282 (29.6) | 7 (20.6) | 1.00 | - | 1.00 | - | ||
| 10 |
d
Crowding Index (Persons per room) |
*≤ 2 | 591 (61.9) | 20 (58.8) | 1.00 | - | - | - |
| > 2 | 363 (38.1) | 14 (41.2) | 4.07 (1.78–9.35) |
0.71 | - | - | ||
| 11 | History of typhoid fever or typhoid-like illness | 67 (7.0) | 08 (23.5) | 4.07 (1.78–9.35) |
0.001 | 5.75 (1.79–18.5) |
0.003 | |
| 12 | Antibiotic use at the time of typhoid fever illness | 54 (81.0) | 08 (100) | - | - | - | - | |
| 13 | Duration of antibiotic at the time of typhoid fever illness (days) | <14 days | 12 (22.2) | 01 (12.5) | - | - | - | - |
| ≥14 days | 02 (3.7) | 01 (12.5) | - | - | - | - | ||
| Don’t Remember | 40 (74.1) | 06 (75.0) | - | - | - | - | ||
| 14 | Antibiotic Use in the last two weeks | 911 (95.5) | 32 (94.1) | 0.76 (0.18–3.26) |
0.71 | - | - | |
a Diagnosis was based on admitting diagnosis of cholecystectomy and histopathology findings.
b Hand washing of any duration with soap and water after defecation.
c Factor analysis was performed for constructing a wealth index
d Overcrowding was assessed by estimating the crowding index defined as the number of people living in a household regularly since the last 1 year divided by the number of bedrooms in the house
*Reference Category