Table 1.
Baseline characteristics of patients with and without type 2 diabetes mellitus.
| DM | non-DM | P-value | DM with normal VPT |
DM with abnormal VPT |
non-DM with normal VPT |
non-DM with abnormal VPT |
P-value | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| (N=1274) | (N=108) | (N=614) | (N=660) | (N=82) | (N=26) | |||
| Age (years) | 61.2 (12.4) | 62.6 (9.80) | 0.493 | 56.3 (12.8) | 65.7 (10.0) | 60.3 (9.07) | 69.9 (8.43) | <0.001 |
| Male, n (%) | 688 (54.0%) | 56 (51.9%) | 0.667 | 332 (54.1%) | 356 (53.9%) | 42 (51.2%) | 14 (53.8%) | 0.970 |
| VPT, left (V) | 16.8 (10.9) | 12.0 (7.28) | <0.001 | 9.28 (3.13) | 23.8 (10.9) | 9.19 (2.54) | 20.7 (10.1) | <0.001 |
| VPT, right (V) | 15.9 (11.6) | 12.1 (8.08) | <0.001 | 8.67 (3.00) | 22.6 (12.6) | 8.73 (3.07) | 22.9 (9.52) | <0.001 |
| Diabetes duration (years) | 9.68 (7.33) | / | / | 8.47 (6.98) | 10.8 (7.48) | / | / | / |
| Family history of diabetes, n (%) | 471 (37.0%) | 16 (14.8%) | <0.001 | 266 (43.3%) | 205 (31.1%) | 13 (15.9%) | 3 (11.5%) | <0.001 |
| Smoking, n (%) | 338 (26.5%) | 11 (10.2%) | <0.001 | 150 (24.4%) | 188 (28.5%) | 8 (9.8%) | 3 (11.5%) | <0.001 |
| Drinking, n (%) | 118 (9.3%) | 7 (6.5%) | 0.333 | 48 (7.8%) | 70 (10.6%) | 6 (7.3%) | 1 (3.8%) | 0.238 |
| BMI (Kg/m2) | 24.6 (3.82) | 22.0 (4.43) | <0.001 | 24.4 (3.72) | 24.8 (3.92) | 21.8 (4.68) | 22.8 (3.48) | <0.001 |
| Hypertension, n (%) | 690 (54.2%) | 0 (0%) | <0.001 | 282 (45.9%) | 408 (61.8%) | 0 (0%) | 0 (0%) | <0.001 |
| SBP (mmHg) | 136 (19.5) | 125 (17.8) | <0.001 | 133 (18.0) | 138 (20.6) | 122 (16.1) | 133 (21.0) | <0.001 |
| DBP (mmHg) | 79.3 (10.8) | 74.0 (11.0) | <0.001 | 79.9 (10.9) | 78.8 (10.7) | 74.0 (10.3) | 74.1 (13.1) | <0.001 |
| FPG (mmol/L) | 8.13 (3.66) | 4.69 (0.629) | <0.001 | 8.35 (3.63) | 7.92 (3.68) | 4.72 (0.63) | 4.58 (0.62) | <0.001 |
| 2hPG (mmol/L) | 12.8 (4.33) | 6.60 (2.02) | <0.001 | 12.8 (4.27) | 12.7 (4.40) | 6.46 (1.90) | 7.04 (2.41) | <0.001 |
| HbA1c (%) | 9.15 (2.46) | 5.68 (0.400) | <0.001 | 9.13 (2.51) | 9.16 (2.42) | 5.69 (0.40) | 5.66 (0.41) | <0.001 |
| TG (mmol/l) | 1.80 (1.63) | 1.23 (0.64) | <0.001 | 1.90 (1.81) | 1.71 (1.43) | 1.20 (0.64) | 1.31 (0.66) | <0.001 |
| TCH (mmol/l) | 4.47 (1.25) | 5.20 (1.32) | <0.001 | 4.54 (1.27) | 4.41 (1.22) | 5.28 (1.33) | 4.95 (1.29) | <0.001 |
| LDL-C (mmol/l) | 2.82 (1.03) | 3.48 (1.21) | <0.001 | 2.86 (1.09) | 2.77 (0.979) | 3.55 (1.22) | 3.26 (1.19) | <0.001 |
| HDL-C (mmol/l) | 1.09 (0.337) | 1.48 (0.351) | <0.001 | 1.11 (0.330) | 1.07 (0.343) | 1.51 (0.338) | 1.39 (0.383) | <0.001 |
| BUN (mmol/L) | 6.06 (2.88) | 4.96 (1.13) | <0.001 | 5.72 (2.38) | 6.37 (3.25) | 4.93 (0.935) | 5.04 (1.61) | <0.001 |
| UA (mmol/L) | 327 (97.6) | 279 (78.5) | <0.001 | 320 (91.8) | 334 (102) | 278 (81.3) | 283 (70.6) | <0.001 |
| Cr (umol/L) | 70.5 (58.4) | 58.7 (10.7) | 0.236 | 65.0 (49.5) | 75.5 (65.2) | 59.2 (10.8) | 57.0 (10.3) | <0.001 |
| MA/Cr (mg/g) | 14.82 (6.58-75.19) | 5.81 (4.09-12.91) | <0.001 | 9.73 (5.44-38.74) | 26.31 (8.35-125.47) | 4.7 (3.99-10.25) | 22.64 (9.98-59.52) | <0.001 |
| U-IgG/Cr (mg/g) | 8.48 (4.78-28.36) | NA | / | 6.45 (4.11-14.39) | 11.19 (5.5-39.73) | NA | NA | / |
| α1-MG/Cr (mg/g) | 16.07 (8.69-35.78) | NA | / | 12.11 (7.24-22.39) | 19.59 (10.42-49.78) | NA | NA | / |
| UACR>30mg/g | 318 (25.0%) | 2 (1.9%) | <0.001 | 108 (17.6%) | 210 (31.8%) | 0 (0%) | 2 (7.7%) | <0.001 |
| eGFR<60 ml/min | 93 (7.3%) | 1 (0.9%) | 0.020 | 26 (4.2%) | 67 (10.2%) | 1 (1.2%) | 0 (0%) | <0.001 |
| CKD | 317 (24.9%) | 3 (2.8%) | <0.001 | 108 (17.6%) | 209 (31.7%) | 1 (1.2%) | 2 (7.7%) | <0.001 |
| Upro | 377 (29.6%) | 8 (7.4%) | <0.001 | 156 (25.4%) | 221 (33.5%) | 6 (7.3%) | 2 (7.7%) | <0.001 |
| Metformin, n (%) | 764 (60.0%) | / | / | 361 (58.8%) | 403 (61.1%) | / | / | / |
| Sulfonylureas, n (%) | 445 (34.9%) | / | / | 203 (33.1%) | 242 (36.7%) | / | / | / |
| Glinides, n (%) | 208 (16.3%) | / | / | 85 (13.8%) | 123 (18.6%) | / | / | / |
| α-glucosidase inhibitors, n (%) | 551 (43.2%) | / | / | 242 (39.4%) | 309 (46.8%) | / | / | / |
| TZDs, n (%) | 82 (6.4%) | / | / | 52 (8.5%) | 30 (4.5%) | / | / | / |
| Insulin therapy, n (%) | 474 (37.2%) | / | / | 192 (31.3%) | 282 (42.7%) | / | / | / |
| β-blockers, n (%) | 99 (7.8%) | / | / | 34 (5.5%) | 65 (9.8%) | / | / | / |
| CCB, n (%) | 375 (29.4%) | / | / | 150 (24.4%) | 225 (34.1%) | / | / | / |
| ACEI, n (%) | 90 (7.1%) | / | / | 33 (5.4%) | 57 (8.6%) | / | / | / |
| ARB, n (%) | 261 (20.5%) | / | / | 106 (17.3%) | 155 (23.5%) | / | / | / |
| Diuretics, n (%) | 50 (3.9%) | / | / | 21 (3.4%) | 29 (4.4%) | / | / | / |
NA, not available; Normal VPT, VPT <15V; Abnormal VPT, VPT ≥15V; BMI, body mass index; FPG, fasting plasma glucose; 2hPG, 2-hour postprandial plasma glucose; HbAlc, glycosylated hemoglobin; TG, triglyceride; TCH, cholesterol; LDL-C, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol; HDL-C, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol; BUN, blood urea nitrogen; UA, uric acid; Cr, serum creatinine; MA/Cr, microalbumin/creatinine ratio;U-IgG/Cr, immunoglobulin G/creatinine ratio;α1-MG/Cr, α1-microglobulin/creatinine ratio; UACR, urinary albumin-to-creatinine ratio; eGFR, estimated glomerular filtration rate; CKD, Chronic kidney disease; RI, renal artery resistance index; PSV, peak systolic flow velocity; TZDs, Thiazolidinediones; CCB, calcium channel blockers; ACEI, angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors; ARB, angiotensin receptor blockers; /, the absence of corresponding data.