Figure 2. Cumulative Incidence of Operative Recurrence Following Ventral or Incisional Subtype Hernia Repairs Only and Umbilical Hernia Subtype Repairs Only, Stratified by Approach (Robotic-Assisted, Laparoscopic, and Open) From 2010-2020.

Cumulative incidence of operative hernia recurrence following ventral or incisional (A) and umbilical (B) hernia repair was calculated using a Cox proportional hazards model that adjusted for patient age, sex, race and ethnicity, Elixhauser comorbidities, year of surgery, approach (robotic-assisted, laparoscopic, or open), mesh use, the use of myofascial flap, and hernia subtype (ventral/incisional or umbilical). Analysis included use of an instrumental variable to reduce measured and unmeasured confounding. The instrument used was robotic-assisted ventral hernia repair use rate within a hospital referral region in the 12 months prior to a patient’s initial ventral hernia repair. 95% CIs are not visible as the largest interval was −0.18% to 0.18% from point estimates for ventral and incisional subtype hernias and −0.14% to 0.14% from point estimates for umbilical-subtype hernias.