TABLE 3.

Experimental approaches for increasing ABCB1 expression.

Experimental approach	References
β-catenin signalinga	Lim et al., 2008
Colupulone analogsb	Bharate et al., 2015
Exosomesc	Pan et al., 2020
Ketone bodies	Versele et al., 2020
NMDA receptor agonists	Bauer et al., 2008
Nocodazoled	Ding et al., 2021
Oleocanthal	Abuznait et al., 2013
Pirenzepinee	Paganetti et al., 2014
Prevention of ABCB1 ubiquitination	Hartz et al., 2018
PXR agonistsf	Hartz et al., 2010; Wolf et al., 2012; Lemmen et al., 2013; Zoufal et al., 2020b
TGF-β1	Baello et al., 2014
Vitamin D receptor activation	Durk et al., 2012

^aβ-catenin signaling was activated by inhibitors of glycogen synthase kinase-3β in primary rat brain endothelial cells and immortalized human brain endothelial cells (Lim et al., 2008).

^bColupulone analogs are PXR activators (Bharate et al., 2015).

^cABCB1-expressing human brain microvascular endothelial cell-derived exosomes were transplanted into a transgenic mouse model of AD by Pan et al. (2020).

^dNocodazole is a microtubule inhibitor which prevented ABCB1 internalization and subsequent degradation by the ubiquitin–proteasome system in Tg2576 mice (Ding et al., 2021).

^eAdministration of Pirenzepine, a selective M1 receptor antagonist, lowered cerebral Aβ in AβPPPS1, hAβPPSL, and AβPP/PS1 transgenic mice (Paganetti et al., 2014).

^fPXR agonists include hyperforin, an active ingredient in St. John’s wort (Lemmen et al., 2013). Zoufal et al. (2020b) administered the rodent PXR activator 5-pregnen-3β-ol-20-one-16α-carbonitrile to APP/PS1-21 mice to activate cerebral ABCB1. ABCB1, ATP-binding cassette sub-family B member 1; NMDA, N-methyl-D-aspartate; PXR, pregnane X receptor; TGF-β1, tumor growth factor β1.