TABLE 4.

Clinical trials and clinical applications of experimental approaches to increase ABCA1 expression.

Experimental approach	Clinical trials and applications
Bexarotene	AD (NCT01782742), schizophrenia (NCT00141947, NCT00535574), Cushing’s disease (NCT00845351), psoriasis (NCT00151008), metastatic breast cancer (NCT00003752), acute myeloid leukemia (NCT00316030, NCT00615784), cutaneous T-cell lymphoma (NCT00178841, NCT05296304), breast cancer prevention (NCT00055991), aerodigestive tract cancer (NCT01116622), stage I-II lung cancer (NCT00125372), alopecia areata (NCT00063076), cutaneous T-cell non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NCT00660231), AIDS-related Kaposi’s sarcoma (NCT00002212), stage III/IV non-small cell lung cancer (NCT00514293)
LXR agonists	Atherosclerosis (Hong and Tontonoz, 2014)
PPAR-α and PPAR-γ activation	Dyslipidemia (Cheang et al., 2015), diabetes (reduction of cardiovascular events) (Lincoff et al., 2007; Asztalos et al., 2008); rheumatoid arthritis (Marder et al., 2013)
Retinoic acid receptor agonists	Emphysema (Stolk et al., 2012), advanced cancer (Miller et al., 1996; Soignet et al., 2000)
Verapamil	Cardiac arrhythmias, angina, hypertension (Mayo Clinic, 2023b)
Extra virgin olive oila	Increasing of HDL-mediated cholesterol efflux (Helal et al., 2013)

^aConsumption of extra virgin olive oil for 12 weeks by healthy volunteers increased macrophage expression of ABCA1 (Helal et al., 2013).

Clinical trials are identified by ClinicalTrials.gov identifier (NCT number). The effects of Bexarotene, a retinoid X receptor (RXR) activator, have been investigated in a large number of clinical trials. ABCA1, ATP binding cassette subfamily A member 1; PPAR-α, peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-alpha; PPAR-γ, peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-gamma.