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Chemoresistance in pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma. Increased pro-inflammatory cytokines, extracellular matrix remodeling of the stroma, epithelial–mesenchymal transition, and mutations contribute to chemoresistance in pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma. Interleukin (IL), cluster of differentiation (CD), insulin-like growth factor (IGF), and pancreatic stellate cells (PSCs).
