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. 2024 May 28;25(11):5846. doi: 10.3390/ijms25115846

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© 2024 by the authors.

Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).

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The development of cancer characteristics has been attributed to changes in the circadian rhythm. Circadian rhythms and the cell cycle: DNA replication and the cell cycle present a particular circadian pattern. Circadian rhythms are seen in the expression of DNA replication and cell cycle regulators. Furthermore, different cell cycle genes are modulated by circadian cycle genes. This way, three concepts are tightly regulated: DNA damage response, repair, and circadian rhythms. Cryptochrome 1/2 (CRY1/2). Also, numerous metabolic functions, including the tricarboxylic cycle (TCA) and glucose, are changed by an adequate circadian rhythm. In addition, due to the modification of the malignant medium, vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), hypoxia-inducible factor 1-alpha (HIF1α) is highly expressed.