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. 2024 May 28;25(11):5858. doi: 10.3390/ijms25115858

Table 2.

In vivo paw inflammation models for screening drugs’ anti-inflammatories properties.

Model Advantages Limitations
Carrageenan-Induced Edema
  • -

    Reproducible

  • -

    Well-established

  • -

    Bi-phasic mechanism of action
  • -

    Minimal and transient response

  • -

    Solution preparation required extreme precision
Histamine/Serotonin-Induced Edema
  • -

    Suitable as a complementary method

  • -

    Confirmation of biological target
  • -

    Minimal and transient response

  • -

    Inappropriate for assessment of PG inhibitors
Bradykinin-Induced Edema
  • -

    Suitable as a complementary method

  • -

    Confirmation of biological target
  • -

    Minimal and transient response

  • -

    Inappropriate for assessment of histidine/serotonin inhibitors
Dextran-Induced Edema
  • -

    Bi-phasic mechanism of action

  • -

    Good to reinforce the results of the carrageenan model
  • -

    Minimal and transient response
LPS-Induced Edema
  • -

    Suitable to assess drugs that modulate cytokine levels
  • -

    Minimal and transient response
Formalin-Induced Edema
  • -

    Biphasic behavioral response
  • -

    Pain for an extended period
CFA-Induced Edema
  • -

    Suitable to assess acute, chronic, and immune inflammation

  • -

    More persistent inflammation and symptoms

  • -

    Suitable to assess anti-arthritic effects
  • -

    Increase levels of stress and pain for a more extended period