Table 3.

Multilevel mixed effect logistic regression analysis of individual- and regional-level factors associated with prevalence of overweight and obesity among reproductive age women in Ethiopia, 2005, 2011, and 2016.

Characteristics fixed effect	Null Model	Model I AOR (95% CI)		Model II AOR (95%CI)		Model III AOR (95%CI)
Age category
15-24 (ref)		1				1
25-34		2.91	(2.16, 3.93)***			2.38	(1.79, 3.18)***
35-49		4.59	(3.30, 6.40)***			3.62	(2.64, 4.97)***
Educational status
No education (ref)		1				1
Primary		1.40	(1.13, 1.74)**			1.11	(0.89, 1.38)
Secondary		2.25	(1.61, 3.15)***			1.64	(1.19, 2.26)**
Higher		1.41	(0.91, 2.18)			1.04	(0.69, 1.56)
Religion
Orthodox (ref)		1				1
Catholic		0.46	(0.17, 1.23)			0.46	(0.18, 1.17)
Protestant		0.80	(0.63, 1.03)			0.79	(0.62, 1.01)
Muslim		0.83	(0.66, 1.04)			0.83	(0.67, 1.04)
Traditional & other		1.72	(1.00, 2.95)*			3.95	(2.15, 7.25)***
Contraceptive use
No method (ref)		1				1
Traditional method		0.61	(0.31, 1.21)			0.68	(0.38, 1.21)
Modern method		1.08	(0.90, 1.29)			0.95	(0.80, 1.13)
Marital status
In a Union (ref)		1				1
Not in a Union		0.79	(0.58, 1.07)			0.80	(0.59, 1.07)
Women work status
No (ref)		1				1
Yes		1.02	(0.86, 1.21)			0.93	(0.79, 1.10)
Wealth status
Poorest or poorer (ref)		1				1
Middle		0.63	(0.44, 0.90)**			0.84	(0.57, 1.23)
Richer or richest		1.31	(1.10, 1.57)**			1.08	(0.81, 1.45)
Read newspaper/magazine
No (ref)		1				1
Yes		1.96	(1.35, 2.86)***			1.92	(1.36, 2.71)***
Listen radio
No (ref)		1				1
Yes		1.06	(0.87, 1.30)			1.07	(0.88, 1.29)
Listen/watch TV
No (ref)		1				1
Yes		3.17	(2.54, 3.97)***			1.79	(1.44, 2.23)***
Parity
No child (ref)		1				1
1 to 3 children		0	(0.18, 0.64)***			0.32	(0.17, 0.61)***
4 and above children		0.31	(0.16, 0.59)***			0.34	(0.18, 0.65)**
Partner’s education
No education (ref)		1				1
Primary		1.22	(0.98, 1.51)			1.04	(0.84, 1.29)
Secondary		1.90	(1.40, 2.58)***			1.37	(1.03, 1.84)*
Higher		3.07	(2.16, 4.36)***			2.09	(1.50, 2.92)***
Region
Tigray (ref)				1		1
Affar				245.82	(108.94, 554.67)***	0.90	(0.28, 2.89)
Amhara				0.96	(0.66, 1.39)	1.04	(0.71, 1.53)
Oromia				1.68	(1.18, 2.39)**	1.79	(1.23, 2.61)**
Somali				6.40	(4.02, 10.20)***	8.00	(4.80, 13.34)***
Ben-Gumz						0.21	(0.03, 1.24)
SNNPR				1.18	(0.81, 1.72)	1.34	(0.88, 2.03)
Gambela				190.95	(31.86, 1144.38)***	2.96	(0.84, 10.44)
Harari						3.10	(0.90, 10.67)
Addis Ababa				2.73	(1.86, 4.01)***	2.45	(1.63, 3.68)***
Dire Dawa				0.01	(0.00, 10.40)	2.86	(1.22, 6.68)*
Place of residence
Urban (ref)				1		1
Rural				0.22	(0.18, 0.28)***	0.36	(0.28, 0.46)***
Regional-level education
Low (ref)				1		1
High				1.61	(1.29, 2.02)***	1.41	(1.10, 1.80)**
Regional-level wealth
Low (ref)				1		1
High				1.74	(1.43, 2.12)***	1.61	(1.28, 2.02)***
Survey Year
2005 (ref)				1		1
2011				1.05	(0.83, 1.32)	1.13	(0.88, 1.45)
2016				1.30	(1.03, 1.64)*	1.33	(0.97, 1.82)
AIC	5210.17		4541.37		4554.35		4361.44
BIC	5224.39		4740.45		4675.22		4667.17
Log Likelihood	-2603.08		-2242.68		-2260.18		-2137.72
Num. obs.	9046		9046		9046		9046
Num. groups: V024	11		11		11		11
Var: V024 (Intercept)	1		0.34		0		0

AOR, Adjusted odds ratio; CI, confidence interval; SNNPR, Southern Nations, Nationalities, and Peoples’ Region. Significant codes: ‘***’ p<0.001, ‘**’ p<0.01, ‘*’ p<0.05, ref=reference category.