AgNPs	Silver nanoparticles
AuNCs	Gold nanocubes
AuNPs	Gold nanoparticles
AuNRs	Gold nanorods
AuS	Gold shell
AZO	Azobenzene
Bac	Bifidobacterium
BBB	Blood–Brain Barrier
BSA	Bovine serum albumin
CAD	Computer-aided design
CBNs	Carbon-based nanomaterials
CDT	Chemo-dynamic therapy
CeO2 NPs	Cerium oxide nanoparticles
Chl	Chlorophyll
Ce6	Chlorin e6
CMC	Critical micellar concentration
CNMs	Carbon nanomaterials
CNHs	Carbon nanohorns or carbon nanocons
CNS	Central nervous system
CNTs	Carbon nanotubes
CS	Chitosan
CSNCs	Chitosan nanocapsules
CT	Computed tomography
CuO NPs	Copper-oxide nanoparticles
CUR	Curcumin
DDS	Drug Delivery System
DLS	Dynamic Light Scattering
DNA	Deoxyribonucleic acid
DNPs	Diatom nanoparticles
DoE	Design of experiments
DOX	Doxorubicin
DPA-QDs	D-penicillamine-coated quantum dots
DWCNTs	Double-walled carbon nanotubes
EM	E. coli-derived membrane
EMA	European Medicines Agency
EO	Essential oils
EPR	Enhanced permeability and retention effect
EVs	Extracellular vesicles
FDA	United States Food and Drug Administration
Fe2O3NPs	Iron-oxide nanoparticles
FTIR	Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy
5-FU	5-Fluorouracil
GI	Gastrointestinal
GLP-1	Glucagon-like peptide 1
GSH	Glutathione
HspG41C	Mutant heat-shock protein (Hsp) cage, in which the Glycine from position 41 was replaced by a Cysteine residue
Hyp-AuNP	Gold Nanoparticles conjugated with Hypericin
ICG	Indocyanine green dye
ICH	International Council for Harmonization of Technical Requirements for Pharmaceuticals for Human Use
ICG	Indocyanine green dye
JNK	c-Jun N-terminal kinase
LB	Luria Bretani agar
LCP	L. casei postbiotics
LCST	Lower critical solution temperature
LNPs	Lipid nanoparticles
MHAp	Magnetic hydroxyapatite
MHNRs	Magnetic hydroxyapatite nanorods
MHT	Magnetic hyperthermia
MNPs	Metallic nanoparticles
MOFs	Metal–organic frameworks
MONPs	Metal-oxide nanoparticles
MoS2@AuNR	Gold Nanorod-Decorated Metallic MoS2 Nanosheets
MPFVs	Minimally processed fruits and vegetables
MRI	Magnetic resonance imaging
MSNPs	Mesoporous silica nanoparticles
MUG-Mel2	Melanoma skin cancer cells
MWCNTs	Multi-walled carbon nanotubes
NDFs	Nanoscale dietary fibers
NGPs	Next-generation probiotics
NIR	Near-infrared
NLCs	Nanostructured lipid carriers
NPs	Nanoparticles
NRF2	Nuclear factor erythroid 2–related factor 2
NTs	Nanotubes
OMV	Outer membrane vesicles
OVA	Ovalbumin
P38 MAPK	p38 mitogen-activated protein kinases
PAA	Poly(acrylic acid)
PAA-Pt	Poly(acrylic acid) (PAA)-protected platinum nanoparticle species
PBT	Persistent, Bioaccumulative, and Toxic
PCE	Photothermal conversion efficiency
PCL	Poly(ε-caprolactone)
PDT	Photodynamic therapy
PdNPs	Palladium Nanoparticles
PEG	Poly(ethylene glycol)
PET	Positron Emission Tomography
PLA	Poly(lactic acid)
PLGA	Poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid)
P127	Pluronic F127
PNIPAM	Poly(N-isopropylacrylamide)
PS	Photosensitizer
PtNPs	Platinum nanoparticles
PTT	Photothermal therapy
PVA	Poly(vinyl alcohol)
QDs	Quantum dots
RBCs	Red Blood Cells
RGD	Arginyl-glycyl-aspartic acid (Arg-Gly-Asp, R: arginine; G: glycine; D: aspartic acid)
RNA	Ribonucleic acid
ROS	Reactive Oxygen Species
RWE	Real-world evidence
SCC-25	Squamous cell carcinoma
SCFA	Short-chain fatty acids
SEM	Scanning Electron Microscopy
SeM	Diselenide-bridged mesoporous silica nanoparticles
SeNPs	Selenium nanoparticles
SERS	Surface-enhanced Raman scattering
SLA	Stereolithography
SLNs	Solid lipid nanoparticles
SLS	Selective laser sintering
SNEDDS	Self-nanoemulsifying drug delivery systems
SOD	Superoxide dismutase
SPECT	Single-photon emission computed tomography
srNPs	Stimuli responsive nanoparticles
SUVs	Small unilamellar lipid vesicles
SWCNTs	Single-walled carbon nanotubes
SWCNHs	Single-walled carbon nanohorns
TiO2 NPs	Titanium oxide nanoparticles
UC	Ulcerative colitis
ZHTC@IR780	Zein/hyaluronic acid (HA)/tannin (TA)/Cu2+ loaded with IR780
ZnO NPs	Zinc-oxide nanoparticles