Table 2.

The characteristics and function of hormones in different life stages.

Hormones	Fetal Life	Minipuberty	Puberty
GnRH	serum LH and FSH levels in the second trimester are independent of GnRH, and then GnRH gradually controls the release of LH and FSH [155]	stimulates Sertoli cells to secrete inhibin B and AMH, and Leydig cells to produce INSL3	increases gradually, triggering the secretion of LH and FSH
LH	replaces HCG to promote the secretion of testosterone by Leydig cells [21]	stimulates Leydig cells to release testosterone	stimulated the differentiation of Leydig cells and their ability to produce testosterone
FSH	stimulates Sertoli cell proliferation and increases AMH and inhibin B	stimulates Sertoli cell proliferation and increases AMH and inhibin B	stimulates the proliferation of immature Sertoli cells and spermatogonia
T	induces the differentiation and development of the mesonephric duct into seminal vesicles, epididymis, and spermaduct [156]	promotes the conversion of germ cells into spermatogonia	initiation of spermatogenesis
AMH	causes fallopian tube regression in men, preventing the formation of the uterus and fallopian tubes [157]	as a diagnostic indicator of male fertility-related disorders [158]	as a diagnostic indicator of male fertility-related disorders [158]
Inhibin B	regulates FSH secretion and acts as a marker for Sertoli cell function	regulates FSH secretion and acts as a marker for Sertoli cell function	inhibit FSH secretion and markers of sperm production in men
INSL3	the regulation of intra-abdominal testicular descent by regulating the growth and differentiation of the gubernaculum [129]	as an accurate measure of Leydig cell functional capacity [125]	as an accurate measure of Leydig cell functional capacity [125]