Figure 5.

Applications of probiotics in the therapy of human diseases. The manipulation of the gut microbiota may be beneficial in treating diseases of the heart, skin, brain, and lung through what are known as interorganic axes (e.g., gut–heart axis, gut–skin axis, gut–brain axis, and gut–lung axis). The diseases listed are just a few examples where probiotics have shown benefits. Additionally, they have a positive impact on general metabolism, making them useful in the treatment of type 2 diabetes, obesity, and cancer, likely by addressing mitochondrial dysfunction. For more information on the relationship between microbiota, the gut, and organs, as well as potential treatment approaches for various pathologies, please see reference [126]. This figure has been adapted from the work of Gebrayel and colleagues [127].