Figure 2.

Overview of the various physiological and behavioral effects of sublethal amounts of pesticides on insects. The impacts are divided into physiological effects and behavioral effects. For these two groups, they are further divided into biochemistry and neurochemistry [21,22,23,24,25], immunology [26,27,28,29,30,31,32,33,34,35,36,37,38,39,40,41], longevity [30,35,41,42,43,44,45,46,47,48,49,50,51,52,53,54,55,56,57,58,59,60,61,62,63,64,65,66,67,68,69,70,71,72,73], development [26,41,49,50,51,52,56,57,58,59,60,61,62,63,64,65,66,67,68,69], tissue [74,75,76,77,78,79,80,81,82,83], fecundity & reproduction [30,44,54,55,59,61,68,84,85,86,87,88,89,90,91,92,93], Impact on Populations and Communities [94,95,96,97,98,99], sex ratio [88,89,90], mobility [74,75,100,101,102,103,104,105,106,107,108,109,110,111], egg laying [47,112,113,114,115,116,117], navigation & orientation [17,107,109,110,116,118,119,120,121,122,123,124,125,126,127,128,129,130,131,132], learning & memory [25,133,134,135,136,137,138,139,140,141,142,143,144,145,146,147] and feeding behavior [56,74,118,133,134,135,148,149,150,151,152,153,154,155,156,157,158,159,160,161,162,163,164,165,166,167,168,169].