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. 2024 Jun 1;25(11):6118. doi: 10.3390/ijms25116118

Figure 3.

Figure 3

VEGF signaling pathway. VEGF binds to VEGFR-2 receptors on the surface of endothelial cells to promote cellular proliferation and migration, vascular permeability, and gene expression. Ultimately, VEGF induces angiogenesis through numerous pathways. This figure provides a simplification of VEGF signaling in angiogenesis with mention of key factors and pathways, including Src, SCK, Grb2, SHB, Ras-Raf-MEK-ERK, PLCγ/PKC, and PI3K-Akt [58,72]. Created with BioRender.com. VEGF, vascular endothelial growth factor; VEGFR, vascular endothelial growth factor receptor.