Table 2.
Recent glioblastoma clinical trials for endothelial cell-related therapies.
| Agent | Target | Combination Therapies | NCT Trial Number | Phase | Status | Outcome (in Experimental Group Relative to Control) | Center or Company Name |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Bevacizumab | VEGF | Temozolomide | NCT00590681 | Phase II | Completed Sept. 2014 | Prolonged PFS, no improvement in OS | University of Chicago, Genentech, Inc., Oceanside, CA, USA |
| Sorafenib | NCT00621686 | Phase II | Completed Feb. 2014 | No improvement in outcome | Alliance for Clinical Trials in Oncology, NCI, Bethesda, MD, USA | ||
| Erlotinib | NCT00671970 | Phase II | Completed Apr. 2010 | Similar PFS and radiographic response | Duke University, Genentech, Inc., Oceanside, CA, USA | ||
| Rindopepimut (CDX-110) | NCT01498328 | Phase II | Completed May 2016 | Improved PFS, ORR, and ability to discontinue steroids for ≥6 months | Celldex Therapeutics, Hampton, NJ, USA | ||
| Poly-ICLC | NCT02754362 | Phase II | Completed June 2019 | Pending | NYU Langone Health, MOUNT SINAI HOSPITAL, New York, NY, USA | ||
| Optune | NCT01925573 | Interventional | Completed Aug. 2019 | Pending | University of Maryland, Baltimore, NovoCure Ltd., Portsmouth, NH, USA | ||
| Trebananib | NCT01609790 | Interventional | Completed May 2022 | Shortened PFS | NCI, NRG Oncology, Columbus, OH, USA | ||
| Ascorbic Acid | NCT02833701 | Phase I | Completed Mar. 2019 | Pending | University of Nebraska, NCI, Bethesda, MD, USA | ||
| Retifanlimab + hypofractionated radiotherapy | NCT06160206 | Phase II | Ongoing | Pending | Academic and Community Cancer Research United, NCI, Bethesda, MD, USA | ||
| VB-111 | Ad-PPE-Fas-c | NA | NCT04406272 | Phase II | Ongoing | Pending | Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, VBL Therapeutics, New York, NY, USA |
| Apatinib | VEGFR-2 | Temozolomide | NCT04814329 | Observational | Ongoing | Pending | Beijing Sanbo Brain Hospital, Beijing, China |
| Anlotinib | EGFR | NA | NCT04004975 | Phase II | Completed July 2021 | Pending | Shandong Cancer Hospital and Institute, Jinan, Shandong, China |
| Temozolomide | NCT04547855 | Phase II | Ongoing | Pending | The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, China | ||
| Glasdegib | Sonic hedgehog receptor smoothened (SMO) | Temozolomide | NCT03466450 | Phase II | Completed Nov. 2023 | Pending | Hospital del Mar, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain |
| Temozolomide | DNA (alkylating agent) | Radiation therapy + bevacizumab | NCT00884741 | Phase III | Completed Mar. 2013 | No improvement in OS | Providence Hospital, Portland, OR, USA |
| Napabucasin (BBI608) | STAT3 | Temozolomide | NCT02315534 | Phase II | Completed June 2019 | Pending | Laura and Isaac Perlmutter Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA |
| Thrombospondin-1 analog (ABT 510) | CD36 receptor found on ECs | Radiation | NCT00584883 | Phase I | Completed July 2008 | Pending | University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA |
| Cediranib | (VEGFR)-1, VEGFR-2, VEGFR-3 | Olapirib | NCT02974621 | Phase II | Completed Dec. 2022 | Pending | UC San Diego Moores Cancer Center, San Diego, CA, USA |
| TTAC-0001 (Taniburimab) | VEGFR-2 | NA | NCT03033524 | Phase II | Completed June 2017 | Pending | PharmAbcine, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, Republic of Korea |
| Bevacizumab | NCT03856099 | Phase II | Completed July 2022 | Pending | Stanford Advanced Medical Center, Palo Alto, CA, USA | ||
| Pembrolizumab | NCT03722342 | Phase I | Completed Sept. 2022 | Pending | Austin Hospital, Heidelberg, VIC, Australia | ||
| Recombinant Human Endostatin | Broad-spectrum angiogenesis inhibitor | Temozolomide + Irinotecan | NCT04267978 | Phase II | Ongoing | Pending | Beijing Sanbo Brain Hospital, Beijing, China |
| EGFR Bi-armed Activated T-cells (BATs) | EGFR | Temozolomide + radiation | NCT03344250 | Phase I | Ongoing | Prolonged OS and PFS | University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA |
| Nanoparticles | variable | Radiotherapy + Temozolomide | NCT04881032 | Phase I/II | Ongoing | Pending | CHU de Brest, Brest, Brittany, France |
| hrBMP4 | VEGF | NA | NCT02869243 | Phase I | Completed June 2021 | Reduction in tumor growth; 2/15 with complete regression and extended survival | Tel Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Tel Aviv-Yafo, Israel |
| Erolotinib | EGFR | Sorafenib | NCT00445588 | Phase II | Completed Apr. 2026 | No significant survival improvement | University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA |
NA, not applicable; NCI, National Cancer Institute; NRG, National Research Group; ORR, overall response rate; OS, overall survival; PFS, progression-free survival; VEGF, vascular endothelial growth factor; Poly-ICLC, polyinosinic-polycytidylic acid-poly-l-lysine carboxymethylcellulose; VB-111, ofranergene obadenovec; Ad-PPE-Fas-c, adenovector that expresses Fas-c under the control of the modified pre-proendothelin-1 (PPE-1) promoter; VEGFR, vascular endothelial growth factor receptor; EGFR, epidermal growth factor receptor; STAT3, signal transducers and activators of transcription 3; hrBMP, human recombinant bone morphogenetic protein.