Figure 4.

Unraveling the intricate interactions: TGF-β signaling, DNA damage repair, BRCA1/BRCA2, and EndMT. TGF-β signaling influences BRCA1/2 expression, pivotal in DNA damage repair, while DNA damage reciprocally enhances TGF-β signaling. Furthermore, TGF-β also induces EndMT. An established relationship exists between TGF-β and EndMT, TGF-β and DNA damage, and TGF-β and BRCA1/2. However, the direct effect of DNA damage and DNA damage repair molecules BRCA1/2 on EndMT remains unknown. TGF-β: Transforming Growth Factor-β, BRCA1/2: Breast Cancer Susceptibility Gene 1/2, EndMT: Endothelial-to-Mesenchymal Transition, DNA: Deoxyribonucleic Acid.