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. 2024 May 28;29(11):2534. doi: 10.3390/molecules29112534

Table 2.

Toxicity studies of typical nanoparticles based on different biological evaluation models.

Kinds of NPs Tested Objects Toxicological Effects References
nanoparticle
containing carbon		 human lung epithelial cells A549 inhibition 22% (40 g/cm2 exposure 18 h); 15% DNA damage (40 µg/cm2 exposure 4 h) [134]
alveolar macrophage (single-walled) inhibition 20% (1.41 µg/cm2′ exposure 6 h), (multi-walled) inhibition 14% (22 µg/cm2 exposure 6 h) [135]
human epidermal keratinocytes
(HEKs)		 (multi-walled) altered the expression of 36 proteins (exposure 24 h): altered 106 (exposure 48 h) [136]
Cupriavidus metallidurans CH34 CNT are internalized (10 µg/mL exposure 24 h) [137]
Escherichia coli MG1655 CNT are internalized (10 µg/mL exposure 24 h) [137]
Drosophila melanogaster strongly adhering CB significantly reduced survivorship [138]
adult oysters 40% cell damage (100 µg/L, exposure 4 days) [139]
Crassostrea virginica embryonic development and lysosomal destabilization (10 µg/L exposure 24 h) [140]
Daphnia: fathead minnow THF-nCgo-exposed fish 100% mortality (6 and 18 h), water-46 stirred-nC60-exposed fish no effects (48 h). However significantly increased expression of CYP2 family isozymes in liver [125]
Escherichia coli attributed to photocatalytically generated ROS. Exerts ROS-independent oxidative stress (10 mg/L exposure 15 min) [140]
metal oxide Drosophila melanogaster less adhering was indistinguishable from unexposed control [141]
human lung epithelial cells A549
 DNA damaged 19% (40 µg/cm2 exposure 4 h); [134]
Daphnia magna 19/25 acute toxicity EC50 > 100 mg/L (exposure 48 h) [142]
Chlamydomonas reinhardtii transient up-regulation of genes as low as 1.0 mg/L: Sodl.gpx, cat and ptox2 (exposure 6 h); [137]
Caenorhabditis elegans LC50 80 mg/L (exposure 24 h) [138]
Cupriavidus metallidurans CH34 cell internalized and induced significant ROS production at 500 mg/L; [137]
Escherichia coli MG1655 cell internalized and induced significant ROS production at 500 mg/L; [137]
brain microglia (BV2) produced ROS; neurotoxicity (2.5–120 mg/L exposure 1, 6, 18 h) [127]
Bacillus subtilis: Escherichia coli low toxicity on the three tested bacteria (20 mg/L exposure 24 h [140]
Pseudomonas fluorescens inhibition ratio 38% (40 g/cm2 exposure 18 h), DNA damaged 12% (exposure 4 h) [134]
human lung epithelial cells A549 LC50 (2.3 mg/L exposure 4 h) [143]
Caenorhabditis elegans RAW 264.7 and BEAS-2B generated ROS, inflammation, cell death (25 pg/mL exposure1–16 h) [144]
Daphnia magna acute toxicity; EC50 = lmg/L (exposure 48 h) [144]
Caenorhabditis elegans LC50 2.3 mg/L (exposure 24 h) [145]
Escherichia coli;
Staphylococcus aureus 		inhibition concentrations > 3.4 mM [146]
Bacillus subtilis: Escherichia coli: Pseudomonas fluorescens inhibited concentration > lmM [147]
Staphylococcus aureus causing 100% mortality to the three tested bacteria (20 mg/L exposure 24 h). [146]
Daphniamagna; Thamnocephalusplatyurus; Tetrahymena thermophila L (E) C50 values 1.1–16 gm/L [147]
RAW 264.7 and BEAS-2B inhibit ROS generation, resist oxidative stress, no inflammation and cell death (25 µg/mL exposure 1–16 h) [147]
Escherichia coli no survival above 230 mg/L; 90% survival rate (exposure 330.9 mg/L) [148]
human lung epithelial cells A549 40 pg/cm′ exposure 18 h inhibition 96%, after exposure 4 h DNA damaged 41% [134]
Daphnia magna; Thamnocephalus platyurus: Tetrahymena thermophila L(E)C50 values 90–224 µg [149]
human lung epithelial cells A549 catalytic effects with ROS generating (100–200 µM exposure 60 min) [150]
Caenorhabditis elegans LC50 at 82 mg/L (exposure 24 h) [145]
Cupriavidus metallidurans CH34 cell internalized and induced a drastic increase in ROS level (2 h); [145]
Escherichia coli MG1655 cell internalized and induced a drastic increase in ROS level (2 h); [145]
Bacillus subtilis; Escherichia coli; Pseudomonas fluorescens inhibited 57% B. subtilis, 36% E. coli, 70% P. fluorescens (20 mg/L exposure 24 h) [151]
pure metal PC-12 cells produce cell shrinkage, irregular membrane (5–50 g/mL exposure 24 h) [151]
rat liver cells BRL3A mitochondrial perturbation (5–50 g/µL exposure 24 h) [151]
Escherichia coli 40 nm susceptibility 0.0236 mL/µg [152]
Bacillus subtilis 40 nm susceptibility 0.0622 mL/µg [153]
Escherichia coli ATCC 10536 shape dependent toxicity (1–100 g exposure 24 h) [154]
Chlamydomonas reinhardtii time-dependent toxicity; NP Ag appeared to be higher than AgNO ECg3 300: 572 nM (1 h); 1 049 ± 396 nM (2 h) [155]
HepG2 human hepatoma cells accelerated cell proliferation at low dose (0.5 mg/L exposure 24 h [156]
Zebrafish Embryos almost 100% mortality (250 µM exposure 120 h) [157]
Termed HeLa: SK-Mel-28: 1929: J774A1 size-dependent toxicity (Hela cell; IC50 is 250 µM, 140 µM) [158]
Zebrafish Embryos
Escherichia coli 33876		 less than 3% mortality (250 µM exposure 120 h) [159]
human bronchiiall epithelial cells oxidative stress (100–200 µM exposure 60 min) [150]
Escherichia coli 100 nm susceptibility 0.04 mL/µg [160]
Bacillus subtilis 100 nm susceptibility 0.04 mL/µg [160]
quantum dots WTK1 cell line DNA damaged (2 µM exposure 2 h) [161]
Hela cell line, human primary, hepatocyte cytotoxicity (0.1 mg/mL exposure 24 h) [161]
Cupriavidus metallidurans CH 34 cellular ROS level increasing and about 2.5-fold increase of 84 the cells with damaged and leaky membranes (20 nM exposure 30 min [162]
Pseudomonas aeruginosa cell membrane damaged; intracellular ROS; a concentration threshold of 50 mg/L [163]
Chlamydomonas reinhardtii (HS-CH-CO0-) Sod1, gpx, cat and ptox2 (exposure 6 h); Transient up-regulation of genes as low as 0.1 mg/L [162]