Clinical features	Sensitivity (%)	Specificity (%)	Positive predictive value (%)
History:
Shortness of breath	66	52	23
Orthopnoea	21	81	2
Paroxysmal nocturnal  dyspnoea	33	76	26
History of oedema	23	80	22
Examination:
Tachycardia (>100  beats/min)	7	99	6
Crepitations	13	91	27
Oedema (on  examination)	10	93	3
Gallop (S3)	31	95	61
Neck vein distension	10	97	2
Chest x ray examination:
Cardiomegaly	62	67	32