Table 2.
Plasma biomarkers concentrations related to glucose and lipid metabolism, adipokines and other inflammatory cytokines measured in a young adult group with a history of extrauterine growth restriction (EUGR), compared with a healthy control group.
| EUGR Group (n = 36) |
Control Group (n = 74) |
p Value a | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Glycemic metabolism and insulin sensitivity | |||
| Glucose (mg/dL) | 86.2 ± 1.7 | 85.2 ± 1.04 | 0.681 |
| Insulin (µU/mL) | 9.6 ± 0.7 | 7.2 ± 0.4 | 0.012 |
| HOMA-IR | 2.0 ± 0.2 | 1.5 ± 0.09 | 0.025 |
| Lipid parameters | |||
| Triacylglyerols (mg/dL) | 59.6 ± 6.9 | 77.2 ± 4.1 | 0.053 |
| Cholesterol (mg/dL) | 150.3 ± 5.7 | 165.9 ± 3.4 | 0.040 |
| HDLc (mg/dL) | 57.2 ± 2.4 | 57.9 ± 1.5 | 0.827 |
| LDLc (mg/dL) | 81.07 ± 4.7 | 92.6 ± 2.8 | 0.064 |
| Apo A (mg/dL) | 128.2 ± 4.09 | 131.2 ± 2.4 | 0.576 |
| Apo B (mg/dL) | 58.3 ± 3.6 | 63.8 ± 2.1 | 0.240 |
| Adipokines and inflammatory parameters | |||
| Adiponectin (mg/L) | 16.3 ± 2.6 | 25.7 ± 1.5 | 0.006 |
| Resistin (μg/L) | 12.6 ± 2.3 | 33.7 ± 1.4 | <0.001 |
| Leptin (μg/L) | 4.6 ± 0.5 | 3.0 ± 0.3 | 0.023 |
| PAI-1 (μg/L) | 15.9 ± 1.9 | 10.8 ± 1.2 | 0.050 |
| NGF (pg/mL) | 3.2 ± 0.3 | 2.4 ± 0.2 | 0.016 |
| MCP-1 (pg/mL) | 94.06 ± 8.9 | 106.7 ± 5.4 | 0.281 |
| TNF-α (pg/mL) | 1.7 ± 0.2 | 2.5 ± 0.1 | 0.002 |
| IL-8 (pg/mL) b | 0.5 ± 2.09 | 6.3 ± 1.3 | 0.046 |
| CRP (mg/L) | 0.6 ± 0.5 | 1.4 ± 0.3 | 0.239 |
Data are expressed as the adjusted mean ± SE. a Differences between the EUGR and control groups were assessed using analysis of covariance (ANCOVA). All ANCOVA models were adjusted for age, sex, and FMI. b IL-8 was log10 transformed for the analyses. Significant differences in bold (p < 0.05). Apo A, apolipoprotein A; Apo B, apolipoprotein B; CRP, C-reactive protein; HDLc, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol; HOMA-IR, homeostatic model assessment index for insulin resistance; IL-8, interleukin 8; LDLc, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol; MCP-1, monocyte chemotactic protein type 1; NGF, neural growth factor, PAI-1, plasminogen activator inhibitor type 1; TNF-α, tumor necrosis factor-α.