Table 2.

Animal studies reporting effects of carrageenan on IBD.

Carrageenan Solution	Type of Animals	Result	References
1% medium molecular weight carrageenan solution	Piglets	swelling of the mucosa and submucosal layers without granulomatous inflammation	Munyaka et al. Front Microbiol, 2016 [77]
5% solution of degraded carrageenan	Guinea pigs	decreased body weight; appearance of blood in the feces and loose stools; ulcers in large intestine	Watt et al. Gut, 1971 [72]
10% degraded carrageenan solution	Mice	bloody diarrhea; perianal inflammation	Fath et al. Digestion, 1984 [73]
1% degraded carrageenan solution	Rabbits	visible fecal blood; cecal ulceration	Al-Suhail et al., Histochem J, 1984 [74]
5% solution of degraded carrageenan	Rats	cecal ulceration	Marcus et al. Lancet, 1971 [75]
processed Eucheuma seaweed	Rats	destruction of intestinal villi, the presence of inflammatory infiltration of the small intestinal lamina propria and a decrease in the amount of goblet cells	Pogozhykh et al. Int J Mol Sci, 2021 [79]