Table 1.

Significant changes in bile acids (µM) in serum associated with high-fat diet and physical activity (threshold for significance p = 7.0 × 10⁻⁴).

Bile Acid	Control		Exercise		HFD		HFD and Exercise		Two-Way ANOVA p
	n	Median [IQR]	n	Median [IQR]	n	Median [IQR]	n	Median [IQR]	HFD	Exercise	Interaction
Total	21	39.7 [19.4–72.8]	23	41.3 [18.4–79.0]	16	14.6 [9.5–20.6]	12	12.9 [4.7–19.0]	1.0 × 10−6	0.60	0.66
Conjugated	21	8.2 [5.1–12.3]	23	5.9 [3.4–8.5]	16	3.7 [1.8–7.3]	12	3.1 [1.4–6.2]	0.002	0.24	0.54
Free	21	33.6 [14.3–58.9]	23	36.5 [13.5–51.7]	16	8.4 [3.5–14.7]	12	5.0 [0.7–12.1]	2.4 × 10−7	0.60	0.45
Primary	21	35.5 [18.8–61.4]	23	35.1 [17.5–66.4]	16	11.4 [7.4–16.9]	12	9.0 [3.2–15.7]	6.4 × 10−8	0.44	0.63
Secondary	21	3.1 [0.8–8.7]	23	3.7 [0.9–8.9]	16	2.8 [1.5–3.8]	12	2.5 [1.5–3.7]	0.278	0.74	0.57
12-α-OH	21	16.2 [9.4–27.0]	23	12.2 [8.3–20.6]	16	7.0 [5.2–12.0]	12	5.0 [1.9–11.4]	9.6 × 10−5	0.19	0.88
CA	21	11.4 [6.4–21.2]	23	10.1 [5.6–15.0]	15	5.3 [2.7–7.4]	9	4.1 [0.6–7.1]	2.0 × 10−5	0.44	0.86
GCA	21	1.0 [0.4–2.1]	23	1.0 [0.7–1.5]	16	0.1 [0.1–0.2]	11	0.09 [0.07–0.2]	4.3 × 10−12	0.80	0.67
CDCA	21	12.7 [2.3–18.2]	23	10.7 [3.7–22.8]	16	0.9 [0.3–2.5]	11	0.7 [0.02–1.9]	2.2 × 10−9	0.96	0.41
TCDCA	21	1.3 [0.9–2.1]	23	1.0 [0.5–1.6]	16	0.4 [0.2–0.8]	11	0.3 [0.2–0.7]	1.0 × 10−6	0.14	0.60
UDCA	21	0.1 [0.1–0.4]	23	0.2 [0.1–0.6]	16	0.1 [0.01–0.05]	11	0.05 [0.03–0.1]	3.9 × 10−5	0.17	0.29
GUDCA	15	0.005 [0.002–0.011]	18	0.005 [0.003–0.0125]	7	0.002 [0.001–0.004]	10	0.002 [0.001–0.002]	2.4 × 10−4	0.44	0.44
LCA	19	0.07 [0.04–0.1]	23	0.09 [0.04–0.19]	13	0.01 [0.01–0.03]	8	0.008 [0.002–0.03]	2.8 × 10−7	0.91	0.43
αMUA	20	3.7 [1.9–8.2]	22	4.7 [2.0–8.0]	13	0.8 [0.3–1.2]	7	0.9 [0.5–1.2]	3.0 × 10−6	0.52	0.98
TαMUA	21	1.8 [1.1–2.1]	23	1.1 [0.8–1.9]	16	0.7 [0.4–1.1]	11	0.7 [0.3–0.9]	1.0 × 10−5	0.13	0.84
βMUA	18	0.8 [0.4–1.6]	22	0.59 [0.2–1.8]	13	0.1 [0.04–0.2]	7	0.1 [0.1–0.2]	2.9 × 10−7	0.86	0.15
THDCA	18	0.04 [0.02–0.13]	18	0.1 [0.1–0.2]	16	0.2 [0.1–0.4]	11	0.3 [0.2–0.8]	2.0 × 10−6	0.08	0.93