Table 1.
Biological activities of extracts or single compounds of Pistacia lentiscus and chemical composition identified in different parts of the plant.
| Antidiabetic Activity | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Plant Part | Origin | Type of Extract/ Active Compounds |
Compound | Results | Ref. | |
| Leaves | Algeria | Methanolic | Gallic acid (85) Vanillic acid (86) p-Coumaric acid (91) Caffeic acid (92) |
Inhibition of pancreatic lipase (IC50 = 2.8 μg/mL) Inhibition of α-amylase (IC50 = 5.81 mg/mL) and sucrase (IC50 = 9.32 mg/mL). Increase in glucose transport across the yeast cell membrane |
In vitro | [23,33] |
| Hypoglycemic effect: reduction in blood glucose level and increase in insulin level |
In vivo (Rat) |
|||||
| Leaves | Algeria | Aqueous and ethanolic | n.r. | Hypolipidemic effect: reduction in triglycerides, total cholesterol and LDL-cholesterol levels | In vivo (Mice) |
[42] |
| Leaves | Italy (Sardinia) |
Aqueous | Myricetin (105) Quercetin-3-O-rutinoside (rutin) (106) Quercetin 3-O-glucoside (107) Myricetin 3-O-rhamnoside (113) Myricetin 3-O-rutinoside (116) Quercetin-3,4’-diglucoside (118) Quercetin-3-O-galactoside (119) Myricetin-3-O-arabinopyranoside (120) Myricetin-3-O-xylopyranoside (121) |
Decreases in enzymatic starch hydrolysis (IC50 = 65.3 μg/mL for leaf and IC50 = 1.4 mg/mL for fruit extract) Inhibition of pancreatic lipase (IC50 = 6.1 μg/mL for leaf and IC50 = 230.7 μg/mL for fruit extract) |
In vitro | [22] |
| Fruits | Gallic acid (85) Quercetin-3-O-rutinoside (rutin) (106) Quercetin 3-O-glucoside (107) Myricetin 3-O-glucoside (112) Luteolin-3’-O-glucoside (117) 3,5-Digalloyl quinic acid (129) 3-Galloyl quinic acid (131) 5-Galloyl quinic acid (132) 1,5-Digalloyl quinic acid (136) |
|||||
| Fruits | Morocco | Essential oils | α-Pinene (1) (R) Limonene (3) (S) Limonene (10) |
Inhibition of α-amylase (IC50 = 112.35 μg/mL for essential oils, IC50 = 82.12 μg/mL for α-pinene and IC50 = 74.39 μg/mL for limonene) Inhibition of α-glucosidase (IC50 = 116.03 μg/mL for essential oils, IC50 = 95.62 μg/mL for α-pinene and IC50 = 78.03 μg/mL for limonene) |
In vitro | [19] |
| Leaves Fruits |
Algeria | Ethanolic | Salicylic acid (84) Gallic acid (85) Syringic acid (88) 3,4-Dihydroxyhydro-cinnamic acid (94) Ellagic acid (95) Luteolin (100) Catechin (102) Quercetin 3-O-rhamnoside (114) |
Inhibition of α-amylase (IC50 = 87.5 μg/mL for leaf and IC50 = 144.29 μg/mL for fruit extract). |
In vitro | [24] |
| Hypoglycemic effect: reduction in blood glucose level |
In vivo (Mice) |
|||||
| Leaves Stem barks Fruits |
Algeria | Methanolic | Epigallocatechin(4a > 8)epigallocatechin (122) 3,5-Digalloyl quinic acid (129) (Epi)gallocatechin-3-O-galloyl-(Epi)gallocatechin (123) β-Glucogallin (128) |
Inhibition of α-glucosidase (IC50 = 5.8 μg/mL for littoral and IC50 = 7.9 μg/mL for mountain stem bark extract) |
In vitro | [1,2] |
| Black fruits | Algeria | Deep Eutectic Solvent (DES) | Catechol (78) Gallic acid (85) Cinnamic acid (90) Coumaric acid (91) Caffeic acid (92) Kaempferol (101) Catechin (102) Quercetin (103) Rutin (106) Cyanidin-3-O-glucoside (109) Chrysin (124) Silymarin (125) Deosmin (126) Ascorbic acid (154) Citric acid (155) Tartaric acid (156) Curcumin (157) 3,5-Dimethoxy-4-hydroxy-tannic acid (134) Tannic acid (135) |
Inhibition of α-amylase | In vitro | [21] |
| Black fruits | Algeria | Fatty oil (PLFO) and unsaponifiable matter (USM) |
n.r. | Inhibition of α-amylase (IC50 > 400 μg/mL for PLFO and IC50 = 180.93 μg/mL for USM) Inhibition of α-glucosidase (IC50 = 163.47 μg/mL for PLFO and IC50 = 155.77 μg/mL for USM) |
In vitro | [28] |
| Chios mastic gum | n.r. | Oleoresin and its neutral and acidic fraction/oleanoic acid | Oleanoic acid (51) | PPARγ agonists | In vitro Virtual screening |
[37] |
| Chios mastic gum | n.r. | Oleoresin and its acidic fraction/masticadienonic and isomasticadienonic acid | 28-Norolean-17-en-3-one (45) Isomasticadienonic acid (49) Masticadienonic acid (50) Oleanolic acid (51) Masticadienolic acid (70) 3-Epimasticadienolic acid (74) Methyl 3-epimasticadienolate (75) |
Inhibition of 11β-HSD1 (IC50 = 1.33 μg/mL for oleoresin, IC50 = 2.10 μg/mL for acidic fraction, IC50 = 2.51 μg/mL for masticadienonic acid IC50 = 1.94 μg/mL for isomasticadienonic acid) |
In vitro Virtual screening |
[35] |
| Chios mastic gum | Italia | Supermastic | Oleanonic acid (46) Moronic acid (47) Maslinic acid (48) Isomasticadienonic acid (49) Masticadienonic acid (50) Oleanolic acid (51) Masticadienolic acid (70) Isomasticadienolic acid (71) |
Inhibition of disaccharidase activity in Caco-2 cells Reduction in sucrase-isomaltase expression |
In vitro | [30] |
| Chios mastic gum | Pakistan | Crude gum powder | n.r. | Hypoglycemic effect: reduction in blood glucose level |
In vivo (Rat) |
[40] |
| Chios mastic gum | Greece | Crude gum | n.r. | Hypoglycemic and hypolipidemic effect: reduction in blood glucose level and reduction in serum triglyceride, total cholesterol and LDL levels |
In vivo (Mice) |
[43] |
| Chios mastic gum | Greece | Total mastic extract without polymer | 28-Norolean-17-en-3-one (45) Oleanoic acid (46) Moronic acid (47) 24Z-Isomasticadienoic acid (49) 24Z-Masticadienoic acid (50) Olean-12,18-dien-3-olic acid (72) |
Hypolipidemic effect: reduction in total cholesterol and LDL circulatory levels |
In vivo (Rabbit) |
[44] |
| Neutral mastic fraction | Butyrospermol (55) Oleanolic aldehyde (57) β-Amyrone (59) Betulonal (61) Tirucallol (63) Dammaradienone (64) |
|||||
| Fruits | Algeria | Fatty oil | Oleic acid (138) Linoleic acid (140) Palmitic acid (142) |
Anti-hyperlipidemic effect: reduction in total cholesterol, LDL-cholesterol and triglyceride levels |
In vivo (Rabbit) |
[29] |
| Chios mastic gum | Greece | Crude gum powder | n.r. | Hypoglycemic and hypolipidemic effect: reduction in blood glucose and total cholesterol level |
In vivo (Human) |
[20] |
| Chios mastic gum | Japan | Capsules of gum powder | Camphene (7) Verbenone (15) Linalool (39) α-Terpinolene (42) 28-Norolean-17-en-3-one (45) Moronic acid (47) Masticadienonic acid (50) Oleanolic acid (51) Oleanolic aldehyde (57) β-Amyrone (59) Tirucallol (63) Dammaradienone (64) Masticadienolic acid (70) Isomasticadienolic acid (71) Isomasticadienolic aldehyde (73) |
Hypoglycemic and hypolipidemic effect: reduction in insuline resistence and reduction in serum triglycerides |
In vivo (Human) |
[41] |
| Chios mastic gum | n.r. | Mastic solution | n.r. | Hypoglycemic and hypolipidemic effect: reduction in blood glucose level and total cholesterol, LDL, total cholesterol/HDL ratio |
In vivo (Human) |
[46] |
| Chios mastic gum | n.r. | Essential oils in gel capsules |
α-Pinene (1) β-Pinene (2) (R) Limonene (3) β-Mircene (4) Camphene (7) (−) β-Caryophyllene (28) (+) β-Caryophyllene (29) α-Thujene (43) o-Methylanisol (153) |
Hypolipidemic and anti-obesity effect: reduction in triglycerides and LDL |
In vivo (Human) |
[45] |
n.r.: data not reported in literature.