Table 1.
Clinical characteristics of pregnant women with GDM and their offspring.
| N = 100 | |
|---|---|
| Age (years) | 35.0 ± 5.3 |
| Family history of diabetes | 27% (27) |
| Pre-pregnancy weight (kg) * | 70 (62–83) |
| Pre-pregnancy BMI (kg/m2) * | 25.8 (23.7–30.9) |
| Multiparity | 50.0% (50) |
| GDM diagnosis | |
| First trimester | 49.0% (49) |
| Second trimester | 51.0% (51) |
| Metformin therapy | 22.0% (22) |
| Insulin therapy | 23.0% (23) |
| Percentage of gestational weight gain (%) | 16.0 ± 10.8 |
| Gestational age at delivery (weeks) * | 39 (38–39) |
| Prematurity | 8.0% (8) |
| Neonatal birth weight (g) | 3250.2 ± 496.7 |
| Small for gestational age (SGA) | 4.0% (4) |
| Large for gestational age (LGA) | 18.0% (18) |
| Macrosomia | 7.0% (7) |
| Adverse neonatal outcome 1 | 35.0% (35) |
| Congenital malformations | 3.0% (3) |
| Third-trimester fasting glucose (mg/dL) * | 75 (71–82) |
| Third-trimester HbA1c (%) | 5.2 ± 0.4 |
| Third-trimester TG (mg/dL) * | 213 (179–268) |
| Third-trimester HDL cholesterol (mg/dL) | 67.4 ± 13.0 |
| Third-trimester LDL cholesterol (mg/dL) * | 147 (117–176) |
| Hypertriglyceridemia | 25.0% (25) |
Data are presented as mean ± standard deviation, unless otherwise indicated by * corresponding to data presented as median, with 25th and 75th percentiles. BMI: body mass index; GDM: gestation diabetes mellitus; HDL: high-density lipoprotein; LDL: low-density lipoprotein; LGA: large for gestational age; SGA: small for gestational age; TG: triglycerides. 1 At least one adverse neonatal outcome: neonatal respiratory distress, neonatal jaundice (requiring phototherapy), neonatal hypoglycemia, shoulder dystocia, clavicle fracture, Erb’s palsy, sepsis, or admission to the neonatal intensive care unit.