Table 1.
Maternal baseline and perinatal characteristics of participants according to the intervention groups.
| Characteristics | Mediterranean Diet | Usual Care | p Value |
|---|---|---|---|
| n = 34 | n = 37 | ||
| Age (years) | 38.3 (3.3) | 37.0 (4.7) | 0.17 |
| Race and ethnicity | 0.33 | ||
| African American | 1 (2.9%) | 0 (0.0%) | |
| Asian | 1 (2.9%) | 1 (2.7%) | |
| Latin | 4 (11.8%) | 1 (2.7%) | |
| White | 28 (82.4%) | 35 (94.6%) | |
| Education level | 0.95 | ||
| No/primary | 1 (2.9%) | 1 (2.7%) | |
| Secondary/university | 33 (97.1%) | 36 (97.3%) | |
| Socio-economic status I | 0.29 | ||
| Low | 1 (2.9%) | 1 (2.7%) | |
| Medium | 12 (35.3%) | 7 (18.9%) | |
| High | 21 (61.8%) | 29 (78.4%) | |
| BMI before pregnancy (kg/m2) | 24.0 (5.0) | 22.8 (2.8) | 0.19 |
| Previous medical condition | |||
| Thyroid disorders | 5 (14.7%) | 1 (2.7%) | 0.07 |
| Autoimmune diseases | 2 (5.9%) | 8 (21.6%) | 0.06 |
| Diabetes mellitus | 6 (17.6%) | 2 (5.4%) | 0.10 |
| Chronic hypertension | 4 (11.8%) | 1 (2.7%) | 0.14 |
| Psychiatric disorders | 1 (2.9%) | 3 (8.1%) | 0.35 |
| Nulliparous | 18 (52.9%) | 22 (59.5%) | 0.58 |
| Assisted reproductive technologies | 13 (38.2%) | 9 (24.3%) | 0.21 |
| During pregnancy | |||
| Cigarette smoking | 5 (14.7%) | 5 (13.5%) | 0.89 |
| Alcohol intake | 6 (17.6%) | 7 (18.9%) | 0.89 |
| Drug consumption | 2 (5.9%) | 0 (0.0%) | 0.14 |
| Sports practice | 11 (32.4%) | 10 (27.0%) | 0.85 |
| Gestational age at recruitment (weeks) | 20.8 (0.7) | 20.7 (0.7) | 0.43 |
| Mediterranean diet adherence score | 8.1 (2.6) | 7.8 (2.5) | 0.61 |
| Pregnancy outcomes | |||
| Gestational diabetes | 4 (11.8%) | 2 (5.4%) | 0.34 |
| Gestational hypertension | 1 (2.9%) | 1 (2.7%) | 0.95 |
| Preeclampsia | 2 (5.9%) | 3 (8.1%) | 0.71 |
| Preterm birth | 0 (0.0%) | 0 (0.0%) | 0.72 |
Data are expressed as means (SD) or n (%). BMI: body mass index. I Socio-economic status defined as low if participants reported having never worked or being unemployed for more than 2 years and having a partner with unqualified work or who was unemployed; high if they reported university studies regardless of whether they were working and medium for any other situation.