Skip to main content
. 2024 May 30;16(11):1715. doi: 10.3390/nu16111715
AGEs Advanced glycation end products
AMPK AMP-activated protein kinase
Ang-2 Angiopoietin 2
AuNPs Gold nanoparticles
BRAs Black raspberry-derived anthocyanins
BRB Blood–retinal barrier
C3G Cyanidin-3-glucoside
DHA Docosahexaenoic acid
DME Diabetic macular edema
DR Diabetic retinopathy
EGCG Epigallocatechin-3-gallate
eNOS Endothelial nitric oxide synthase
EPA Eicosapentaenoic acid
ER Endoplasmic reticulum
ERK1/2 Extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2
FADH2 Flavin adenine dinucleotide
GIT Gastrointestinal tract
GRP78 78-kDa glucose-regulated protein
HG High glucose
HIF-1α Hypoxia-inducible factor alpha
HO-1 Heme Oxygenase-1
HREC Human retinal endothelial cells
IL Interleukin
MAPK Mitogen-activated protein kinases
mTOR Mammalian target of rapamycin
MUFA Monounsaturated fatty acids
NEs Nanoemulsions
NF-κb Nuclear factor-kappa B
NGF Nerve growth factor
NLRP3 NOD-like receptor family pyrin domain containing 3
NPDR Nonproliferative diabetic retinopathy
Nrf2 Nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2
O/W Oil-in-water
OA Oleic acid
OIR Oxygen-induced retinopathy
PDR Proliferative diabetic retinopathy
PI3K Phosphoinositide 3 kinase
PKC Protein kinase C
PKR Protein kinase R
PRP Panretinal photocoagulation
PSD Postsynaptic density
PUFA Polyunsaturated fatty acids
RAGEs Receptor for AGEs
RCT Randomized controlled trial
ROS Reactive oxygen species
RPE Retinal pigment epithelial cells
SEDDS Self-emulsifying drug delivery systems
SFA Saturated fatty acids
SIRT1 Sirtuin 1
SIRT3 Sirtuin 3
SNEDDS Self-nanoemulsifying drug delivery systems
STZ Streptozotocin
T1DM Type 1 diabetes mellitus
T2DM Type 2 diabetes mellitus
TCA Tricarboxylic acid
TNF-α Tumor necrosis factor-α
TXNIP Thioredoxin-interacting protein
VEGF Vascular endothelial growth factor
VTDR Vision-threatening diabetic retinopathy
W/O Water-in-oil