| OE-YOLOv8n | Object-Enhanced–You Only Look Once version 8 nano. |
| IMPDIoU | Inner Minimum Point Distance Intersection over Union. |
| SCE | Students’ Cognitive Engagement. |
| ICAPD | interactive, constructive, active, passive, and disengaged. |
| BCE | Binary Cross-Entropy. |
| DFL-CIoU | Distribution Focal Loss and Complete Intersection over Union. |
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