Table 5.
Situated Vulnerability-Related Correlates of Bacterial STI Prevalence by HIV Status
| Outcome: ≥1 Bacterial STI | ||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| TGW Without HIV | TGW With HIV | |||||||
| Situated Vulnerabilities | No. | Prevalence, No. (%) |
Crude PR (95% CI)a |
Adjusted PR (95% CI)a,b |
No. | Prevalence, No. (%) |
Crude PR (95% CI)a |
Adjusted PR (95% CI)a,b |
| AUDIT-C | ||||||||
| Score < 4 | 485 | 44 (9) | Ref | Ref | 196 | 69 (35) | Ref | Ref |
| Score ≥ 4 | 232 | 32 (14) | 1.52 (.99–2.33) | 1.64 (1.08–2.47) | 66 | 14 (21) | 0.60 (.36–.997) | 0.57 (.35–.93) |
| Psychological violence | ||||||||
| Never | 131 | 25 (19) | Ref | Ref | 92 | 36 (39) | Ref | Ref |
| Ever | 602 | 54 (9) | 0.47 (.30–.73) | 0.71 (.46–1.10) | 172 | 49 (28) | 0.73 (.51–1.03) | 0.74 (.53–1.05) |
| Physical violence | ||||||||
| Never | 268 | 33 (12) | Ref | Ref | 110 | 44 (40) | Ref | Ref |
| Ever | 463 | 45 (10) | 0.79 (.52–1.21) | 1.01 (.67–1.54) | 151 | 40 (26) | 0.66 (.47–.94) | 0.70 (.50–.996) |
| Sexual violence | ||||||||
| Never | 408 | 46 (11) | Ref | Ref | 151 | 60 (40) | Ref | Ref |
| Ever | 321 | 33 (10) | 0.91 (.60–1.39) | 1.03 (.69–1.55) | 110 | 24 (22) | 0.55 (.37–.82) | 0.59 (.40–.89) |
| Sex work | ||||||||
| Never | 408 | 30 (7) | Ref | Ref | 76 | 23 (30) | Ref | Ref |
| Ever | 324 | 49 (15) | 2.06 (1.34–3.16) | 1.55 (.995–2.41) | 189 | 62 (33) | 1.08 (.73–1.61) | 1.06 (.71–1.58) |
| Incarceration history | ||||||||
| Never | 575 | 52 (9) | Ref | Ref | 130 | 43 (33) | Ref | Ref |
| Ever | 143 | 23 (16) | 1.78 (1.13–2.81) | 1.24 (.76–2.02) | 130 | 39 (30) | .91 (.63–1.30) | 0.88 (.61–1.26) |
| Homelessness | ||||||||
| Never | 397 | 35 (9) | Ref | Ref | 102 | 32 (31) | Ref | Ref |
| Ever, ≥3 mo ago | 247 | 27 (11) | 1.24 (.77–2.00) | 1.07 (.67–1.71) | 118 | 35 (30) | 0.95 (.63–1.41) | 0.95 (.64–1.42) |
| Ever, <3 mo ago | 83 | 16 (19) | 2.19 (1.27–3.76) | 1.63 (1.01–2.64) | 48 | 16 (33) | 1.06 (.65–1.74) | 0.95 (.58–1.55) |
| Health insurance | ||||||||
| Insured | 660 | 65 (10) | Ref | Ref | 255 | 80 (31) | Ref | Ref |
| Uninsured | 75 | 14 (19) | 1.90 (1.12–3.21) | 1.57 (.93–2.65) | 11 | 5 (45) | 1.45 (.74–2.84) | 1.28 (.70–2.36) |
| Safety concern in transit to health care | ||||||||
| No | 433 | 35 (8) | Ref | Ref | 132 | 43 (33) | Ref | Ref |
| Yes | 304 | 44 (14) | 1.79 (1.18–2.72) | 1.68 (1.11–2.54) | 140 | 44 (31) | 0.96 (.68–1.37) | 0.85 (.60–1.19) |
| Gender identity therapy or counseling | ||||||||
| Never | 191 | 38 (20) | Ref | Ref | 91 | 32 (35) | Ref | Ref |
| Former, ≥3 mo ago | 226 | 15 (7) | 0.33 (.19–.59) | 0.45 (.26–.79) | 73 | 21 (29) | 0.82 (.52–1.29) | 0.91 (.58–1.41) |
| Current, <3 mo ago | 318 | 25 (8) | 0.40 (.25–.63) | 0.52 (.33–.83) | 100 | 29 (29) | 0.82 (.54–1.25) | 0.84 (.56–1.25) |
| Hormone treatment use | ||||||||
| Never | 82 | 15 (18) | Ref | Ref | 62 | 17 (27) | Ref | Ref |
| Former, ≥3 mo ago | 44 | 9 (20) | 1.12 (.53–2.35) | 1.28 (.63–2.63) | 30 | 14 (47) | 1.70 (.97–2.97) | 1.70 (.99–2.91) |
| Current, <3 mo ago, | 609 | 54 (9) | 0.48 (.29–.82) | 0.67 (.40–1.11) | 174 | 52 (30) | 1.09 (.68–1.74) | 1.14 (.73–1.79) |
| Genital surgeryc | ||||||||
| Never | 612 | 72 (12) | Ref | Ref | 232 | 73 (31) | Ref | Ref |
| Ever | 111 | 4 (4) | 0.31 (.11–.82) | 0.34 (.13–.89) | 30 | 9 (30) | 0.95 (.53–1.70) | 1.19 (.66–2.14) |
| Engagement in HIV care, 12 mo | ||||||||
| No | … | … | … | … | 34 | 9 (26) | 0.79 (.44–1.44) | .72 (.42–1.25) |
| Yes | … | … | … | … | 207 | 69 (33) | Ref | Ref |
Abbreviations: AUDIT-C, Alcohol Use Disorder Identification Test-Consumption; CI, confidence interval; HIV, human immunodeficiency virus; PR, prevalence ratio; Ref, reference; STI, sexually transmitted infection; TGW, transgender women.
aPRs were estimated using Poisson regression models with robust variance estimation.
bFor each STI outcome variable, a separate multivariable regression model was used that adjusted for age, race and ethnicity, and geographic region.
cVaginoplasty or orchiectomy.