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. 2024 May 31;11:1406856. doi: 10.3389/fcvm.2024.1406856

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© 2024 Yang, Liu, Liu, Xie and Shi.

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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A simplified diagram illustrating tryptophan metabolism, with the majority of tryptophan metabolized through the kynurenine pathway under the catalysis of IDO and TDO. TPH, tryptophan hydroxylase; IDO, indoleamine-2,3-dioxygenase; TDO, tryptophan-2,3-dioxygenase; KAT, kynurenine aminotransferase; KYNU, kynureninase; KMO, kynurenine 3-monooxygenase; NAD⁺, nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide; QPRT, quinolinate phosphoribosyl transferase; ACMSD, aminocarboxymuconate semialdehyde decarboxylase; IFN-γ, interferon-γ; TNF-α, tumor necrosis factor-α; LPS, lipopolysaccharides; IL-1β, interleukin-1β; IL-12, interleukin-12.