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. 2024 May 31;11:1406856. doi: 10.3389/fcvm.2024.1406856

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© 2024 Yang, Liu, Liu, Xie and Shi.

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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Diagram illustrating and summarizing the pathophysiological mechanisms proposed for mechanisms linking kynurenine pathway and coronary atherosclerosis, arterial calcification and myocardial hypertrophy. AhR, aromatic hydrocarbon receptor; GATA4, GATA binding protein 4; TRP, tryptophan; IDO1, indoleamine-2,3-dioxygenase-1; IL-10, interleukin-10; KYN, kynurenine; NADPH, nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate hydrogen; ROS, reactive oxygen species; Ox-LDL, oxidized low density lipoprotein; VSMC, vascular smooth muscle cell.