Table 3.
Summary of behavioral data.
| Food | Control diet | Modified diet | Treatment F-ratio and Significance | Effect size (eta2, Cohen’s f) | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Time between 2 swallows (sec) | almond | 9.10 ± 3.68 | 7.44 ± 4.11 | F1,26 = 1.271, p NS | η2 = 0.13, f = 0.39 |
| apple | 4.55 ± 1.13 | 4.98 ± 1.63 | F1,57 = 1.373, p NS | η2 = 0.09, f = 0.31 | |
| # of cycles between 2 swallows | almond | 31.8 ± 15.0 | 22.8 ± 11.9 | F1,26 = 3.007, p NS | η2 = 0.11, f = 0.35 |
| apple | 15.4 ± 4.4 | 17.3 ± 5.9 | F1,57 = 1.933, p NS | η2 = 0.13, f = 0.38 | |
| Chew:ingestion cycle ratio (%) | almond | 54.5 / 45.5 ± 22.2 | 65.1 / 34.9 ± 18.1 | F1,27 = 1.958, p NS | η2 = 0.07, f = 0.27 |
| apple | 64.2 / 35.8 ± 25.6 | 67.3 / 32.7 ± 22.0 | F1,57 = 0.247, p NS | η2 = 4e−3, f = 0.07 | |
| Time spent ingesting (sec) | almond | 4.11 ± 2.49 | 2.11 ± 1.47 | F1,26 = 6.472, p = 0.017 | η2 = 0.20, f = 0.50 |
| apple | 1.56 ± 1.21 | 1.62 ± 1.18 | F1,57 = 0.046, p NS | η2 = 8e−4, f = 0.03 | |
| Time spent chewing (sec) | almond | 5.59 ± 3.46 | 5.05 ± 2.92 | F1,27 = 0.207, p NS | η2 = 2.5e−4, f = 5e−3 |
| apple | 3.00 ± 1.27 | 3.36 ± 1.47 | F1,57 = 1.015, p NS | η2 = 0.02, f = 0.13 | |
| Chew:ingestion time (% time) | almond | 56.1 / 43.9 ± 22.6 | 64.6 / 35.4 ± 18.9 | F1,27 = 1.176, p NS | η2 = 0.04, f = 0.21 |
| apple | 66.2 / 33.8 ± 25.0 | 67.0 / 33.0 ± 21.5 | F1,57 = 0.019, p NS | η2 = 3.4e−4, f = 0.02 | |
| All cycle frequency (cycles/sec) | almond | 3.24 ± 0.20 | 3.32 ± 0.26 | F1,27 = 0.915, p NS | η2 = 0.06, f = 0.25 |
| apple | 3.37 ± 0.26 | 3.47 ± 0.24 | F1,57 = 2.441, p NS | η2 = 0.04, f = 0.21 | |
| Ingestion cycle frequency (cycles/sec) | almond | 3.45 ± 0.34 | 3.33 ± 0.36 | F1,25 = 0.812, p NS | η2 = 0.04, f = 0.20 |
| apple | 3.65 ± 0.36 | 3.43 ± 0.46 | F1,52 = 3.829, p NS | η2 = 0.33, f = 0.71 | |
| Chewing frequency (cycles/sec) | almond | 3.14 ± 0.19 | 3.37 ± 0.33 | F1,27 = 5.267, p = 0.03 | η2 = 0.16, f = 0.44 |
| apple | 3.23 ± 0.26 | 3.48 ± 0.25 | F1,56 = 13.770, p < 0.001 | η2 = 0.59, f = 1.21 | |
| Side switch (% chews) | almond | 69.0 % ± 0.2 | 56.5 % ± 0.1 | 𝝌 = 5.24, p = 0.02 | - |
| apple | 58.0 % ± 0.1 | 66.0 % ± 0.1 | 𝝌 = 2.28, p NS | - |
Table entries are mean ± standard deviation. Bold entries highlight significant differences between groups. Effect size can be considered large at η2 > 0.14.