. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2025 May 1.

Published in final edited form as: J Morphol. 2024 May;285(5):e21696. doi: 10.1002/jmor.21696

Table 4.

Summary of kinematic data.

	Food	Control diet	Soft diet	Treatment F-ratio and Significance	Effect size (eta², Cohen’s f)
Cycle duration (msec)	almond	333 ± 39	311 ± 43	F_1,327 = 23.22 P < 0.001	η2 = 0.18, f = 0.46
Cycle duration (msec)	apple	316 ± 38	308 ± 36	F_1,406 = 4.34 P = 0.04	η2 = 0.11, f = 0.35
Opening amplitude (degrees)	almond	15.5 ± 4.2	15.4 ± 5.1	NS	η2 = 1e-3, f = 0.04
Opening amplitude (degrees)	apple	17.9 ± 3.7	17.7 ± 4.3	NS	η2 = 0.03 f = 0.19
Yaw amplitude (degrees)	almond	2.57 ± 1.53	2.16 ± 1.44	F_1,327 = 6.348 P = 0.01	η2 = 0.02, f = 0.13
Yaw amplitude (degrees)	apple	2.19 ± 1.09	2.41 ± 1.35	NS	η2 = 0.09 f = 0.31

Table entries are mean ± standard deviation. Bold entries highlight significant differences between groups. Effect size can be considered large at η2 > 0.14.